Adaptogens

Ashwagandha-Wurzelextrakt

Withania somnifera

Ashwagandha Root Extract — derived from the dried roots of <em>Withania somnifera</em> (Solanaceae) — is one of the most extensively researched adaptogenic herbs in modern nutritional science, with a pharmacological legacy spanning over 3,000 years of Ayurvedic medicine. Its primary bioactive constituents, the withanolides (steroidal lactones including Withaferin A, C₂₈H₃₈O₆, CAS 5119-48-2), exert multi-target effects on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, NF-κB inflammatory signaling, Nrf2 antioxidant pathways, and GABAergic neurotransmission. Clinically, standardized root extracts (typically 300–600 mg/day standardized to 5% withanolides) have demonstrated statistically significant reductions in serum cortisol, improvements in validated stress and anxiety scores, enhanced sleep quality, increased testosterone in men, measurable gains in muscle strength, and modest cognitive benefits — all supported by randomized controlled trials. Regulated in the United States as a dietary supplement under DSHEA, it is available from reputable brands (KSM-66, Sensoril, Thorne, NOW Foods) at price points ranging from $15 to $100+ per month. Generally well tolerated at standard doses, with a side-effect incidence below 5%, Ashwagandha Root Extract stands as one of the most evidence-supported botanical adaptogens for adults managing chronic stress, sleep disruption, or performance optimization.

Ashwagandha KSM-66

Withania somnifera

Ashwagandha KSM-66 is a patented, full-spectrum aqueous root extract of <em>Withania somnifera</em>, standardized to ≥5% withanolides and manufactured by Ixoreal Biomed using a proprietary alcohol-free process. With over 2,500 years of Ayurvedic use as a Rasayana (rejuvenator) and more than two decades of modern randomized controlled trial data, KSM-66 stands as the most clinically studied ashwagandha extract on the US market. Its bioactive steroidal lactones — principally withanolides and withanosides — act on multiple molecular targets simultaneously: attenuating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, positively modulating GABA-A receptors, inhibiting NF-κB-driven inflammation, and upregulating cellular antioxidant defenses. Clinical trials demonstrate statistically significant reductions in serum cortisol (by up to 27.9%), improvements in sleep quality, gains in muscle strength, enhanced male semen parameters, and support for cognitive function. The standard clinically studied dose ranges from 300–600 mg/day. As a dietary supplement regulated under DSHEA, KSM-66 is widely available in the US market across capsules, tablets, and functional food formats, with pricing ranging from $25–$100+ per month depending on brand and dosage tier.

Ashwagandha Sensoril

Withania somnifera

Ashwagandha Sensoril® is a premium, proprietary full-spectrum botanical extract standardized from both the root and leaf of <em>Withania somnifera</em> (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae), manufactured by Natreon, Inc. Unlike root-only extracts, Sensoril® delivers a clinically validated blend of withanolide glycosides, withanosides, and a significant oligosaccharide fraction, making it one of the most studied ashwagandha preparations on the US dietary supplement market. Used in Ayurvedic medicine for over 3,000 years as a <em>rasayana</em> (rejuvenator), Sensoril® has been rigorously tested in randomized controlled trials demonstrating significant reductions in perceived stress and serum cortisol, improvements in sleep quality, cognitive enhancement, physical performance gains, and support for male reproductive health. Clinical doses range from <strong>250–600 mg/day</strong>. Its multi-target mechanisms include HPA-axis modulation, GABAergic potentiation, NF-κB inhibition, and Nrf2 antioxidant pathway activation. Regulated as a dietary supplement under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) by the FDA, Sensoril® is broadly available across major US retailers. This comprehensive guide covers its biochemistry, pharmacokinetics, clinical evidence, dosage, interactions, safety, and selection criteria for the US market.

Rosenwurz-Extrakt

Rhodiola rosea

Rhodiola rosea extract is a standardized botanical adaptogen derived from the dried root and rhizome of <em>Rhodiola rosea</em> L. (family Crassulaceae), a perennial plant native to the Arctic, Siberia, Scandinavia, and high-altitude regions of Europe and Asia. Commercially standardized to 3% rosavins and 1% salidroside — its two principal bioactive marker compounds — Rhodiola has been used for centuries in traditional Arctic and Tibetan medicine to combat fatigue, enhance physical endurance, and improve resistance to cold and altitude stress. Modern pharmacology classifies Rhodiola as an adaptogen: a non-specific stress-resistance enhancer that modulates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, monoaminergic neurotransmission, and mitochondrial energy metabolism. Clinical trials support its use for reducing mental and physical fatigue, improving cognitive performance under stress, and alleviating mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms. The typical therapeutic dose ranges from 200–600 mg/day of standardized extract, taken in the morning. Rhodiola is generally well tolerated; the most common side effects — mild nervousness, insomnia, and gastrointestinal upset — affect fewer than 5% of users at standard doses. Regulated as a dietary supplement under DSHEA in the US, Rhodiola is widely available through retailers such as Amazon, iHerb, and Thorne Research.

Rhodiola Crenulata

Rhodiola crenulata

Rhodiola crenulata (Tibetan rhodiola; Chinese: 虹景天) is a high-altitude perennial botanical used as an adaptogen and standardized in commercial products primarily for its phenylpropanoid glycoside salidroside. Modern formulations—typically aqueous‑alcohol extracts standardized to salidroside—are marketed in the US for stress resilience, fatigue reduction, cognitive support under stress, and altitude adaptation. Clinical-level human evidence specific to R. crenulata remains limited compared with Rhodiola rosea; most mechanistic and safety data derive from salidroside pharmacology, preclinical models, and traditional use. Typical supplement dosing ranges from 200–600 mg/day of standardized extract (often standardized to ~1–3% salidroside), with morning or split daytime dosing recommended. Quality selection should prioritize species authentication, HPLC quantification of salidroside, and third-party testing (GMP, NSF, ConsumerLab). Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals and patients on several classes of prescription medications should avoid unsupervised use. This article provides a comprehensive, evidence-oriented encyclopedia entry synthesizing taxonomy, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, benefits, safety, drug interactions, dosing pragmatics, and US market considerations based on available preclinical and translational data.

Panax-Ginseng-Extrakt

Panax ginseng

Panax Ginseng Extract (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a standardized botanical supplement rich in triterpene saponins (ginsenosides). Historically used for >2,000 years in East Asian medicine as a tonic for energy, stress resilience and immune support, modern formulations (white, red, fermented) are standardized to total ginsenosides and studied in randomized trials for cognition, fatigue, immune function, erectile function and metabolic endpoints. Typical standardized-extract daily dosing ranges from <strong>200–400 mg/day</strong> for general use; whole-root dosing historically ranges 1–3 g/day. Panax ginseng demonstrates low oral bioavailability for parent ginsenosides (<strong>&lt;5–10%</strong> systemic exposure typical), with gut microbiota–mediated conversion to bioactive metabolites (notably <em>compound K</em>) being a major determinant of clinical effects. Safety is generally good at common doses but important interactions exist (notably warfarin and hypoglycemic drugs). This guide provides an evidence-forward, clinically oriented summary tailored to US consumers and clinicians, with practical product-selection, dosing and safety guidance.

Amerikanischer Ginseng

Panax quinquefolius

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) is a North American perennial whose dried root is used as a standardized botanical supplement rich in ginsenosides and polysaccharides. Harvested typically from 3–7+ year-old plants, American ginseng is marketed for immune support, modulation of postprandial glycemia, reduction of cancer-related fatigue, and cognitive/energy benefits. Clinical studies using standardized extracts (commonly 200–400 mg/day) show modest, product-dependent benefits for prevention of acute respiratory infections and attenuation of post-meal glucose excursions, while mechanistic research highlights intestinal microbial conversion of parent ginsenosides to absorbable metabolites such as compound K. In the United States, American ginseng is regulated as a dietary supplement under DSHEA; quality selection should prioritize third-party testing (CoA, heavy metals, ginsenoside fingerprinting). Use caution with anticoagulants (warfarin), antidiabetic medications, immunosuppressants, and MAOIs; avoid during pregnancy and breastfeeding unless supervised. For precise trial citations with PMIDs/DOIs and the latest 2020–2026 studies, permit a live literature retrieval and I will return a verified evidence table.

Sibirischer Ginseng

Eleutherococcus senticosus

Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus), commonly called eleuthero, is a woody shrub native to northeastern Asia and a widely used adaptogenic botanical in the US supplement market. Standardized hydroalcoholic extracts (commonly 0.8 to 1.5 percent eleutherosides) at typical daily doses of 300 to 1200 mg have been used to support perceived fatigue, stress resilience, exercise recovery and mild immune support. Modern pharmacology attributes effects to a complex mixture of phenylpropanoid glycosides (eleutherosides), lignans, triterpenoid saponins and polysaccharides that modulate HPA axis responses, antioxidant defenses via Nrf2, and innate immune cell activity. Safety profile is generally favorable in healthy adults but interactions with immunosuppressants, anticoagulants and stimulants are clinically relevant. The content below is a comprehensive, 2000-word evidence-oriented encyclopedia article that summarizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical uses, dosing, drug interactions, product selection for the US market, and practical consumer guidance. Note: specific PMIDs and DOIs for recent 2020 to 2026 trials are not embedded because I do not have live PubMed access in this session; I can retrieve and append verified citations on request.

Roter Ginseng-Extrakt

Panax ginseng (steamed)

Red ginseng extract is a steamed, dried root extract of Panax ginseng standardized for triterpene saponins (ginsenosides). Clinical and preclinical research associate standardized red ginseng extracts with improvements in perceived energy/fatigue, modest cognitive and sexual-function benefits, immune modulation in older adults (including enhanced vaccine responses), and small improvements in glycemic and endothelial markers. Standardized extract doses used in trials span roughly <strong>200–2,000 mg/day</strong> (typical clinical ranges: <strong>400–1,000 mg/day</strong> for fatigue; <strong>600–1,000 mg/day</strong> for erectile dysfunction; <strong>1,000–2,000 mg/day</strong> as immune adjuncts). Red ginseng’s human pharmacology depends heavily on intestinal microbial conversion of parent ginsenosides to deglycosylated metabolites (e.g., <em>compound K</em>), which increases oral bioavailability and explains marked interindividual variability. In the United States, red ginseng is marketed as a dietary supplement (DSHEA) and product selection should prioritize standardized total ginsenoside content, third-party Certificates of Analysis (CoA), and GMP-certified manufacturers.

Weißer Ginseng

Panax ginseng (dried)

White ginseng (dried root of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.) is a traditional Asian adaptogen used for >2,000 years to support energy, cognition, immunity and metabolic health. The dried (air- or sun-dried) root contains complex mixtures of triterpene saponins (ginsenosides), polysaccharides, and minor lipophilic constituents. Modern clinical research evaluates standardized extracts (commonly 200–400 mg/day) and shows medium-level evidence for benefits in fatigue, cognitive performance, sexual function, and immune resilience. Pharmacokinetics are dominated by poor oral bioavailability of parent ginsenosides and extensive gut-microbiome mediated deglycosylation to metabolites such as compound K which have improved absorption and bioactivity. Safety is generally good at standard doses but important drug interactions (warfarin, antidiabetics, immunosuppressants) and contraindications (pregnancy, uncontrolled hypertension, transplant patients) exist. This article provides a comprehensive, practical, evidence-focused guide for clinicians, researchers, and informed consumers in the US market, including dosing, product selection, mechanisms, and limitations with next steps for authoritative citations.

Heiliges Basilikum-Extrakt

Ocimum tenuiflorum

Holy basil extract (Tulsi, Ocimum tenuiflorum) is a multi‑constituent Ayurvedic botanical used as an adaptogen, antioxidant, anti‑inflammatory, metabolic adjunct, and topical antimicrobial. Standardized extracts typically contain marker compounds such as eugenol, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid and are formulated as teas, hydroalcoholic capsules (300–1200 mg/day commonly used in clinical trials), essential oils, and advanced lipid/phytosome preparations. Modern pharmacology implicates HPA‑axis modulation, NF‑κB inhibition, Nrf2 activation, AMPK/PPAR metabolic signaling, and direct antimicrobial membrane effects as core mechanisms. Safety is generally good at recommended doses but essential oils and high‑dose extracts carry risks (bleeding potentiation with anticoagulants, additive hypoglycemia, sedation). High‑quality large randomized controlled trials for many indications remain limited; targeted literature retrieval (PubMed) is recommended to compile up‑to‑date PMIDs/DOIs for specific clinical claims.

Heiliges Basilikum-Blattpulver

Ocimum tenuiflorum

<p><strong>Holy basil leaf powder (Tulsi, Ocimum tenuiflorum) is a traditional Ayurvedic adaptogen used by millions worldwide, with modern clinical trials typically using <strong>250–1,500 mg/day</strong> and most efficacy signals reported over <strong>4–12 weeks</strong>.</strong></p><p>This premium, evidence-focused entry reviews taxonomy, phytochemistry (eugenol, ursolic acid, rosmarinic acid), pharmacokinetics, mechanisms (NF-κB, Nrf2, HPA axis modulation), clinical benefits (stress, anxiety, metabolic support, anti-inflammatory and more), dosing, safety, interactions and quality selection for the US market. It synthesizes preclinical and clinical data summarized in an authoritative, clinically practical format and flags where exact primary-study identifiers (PMIDs/DOIs) need live literature retrieval to provide direct citations.</p>

Maca-Wurzelpulver

Lepidium meyenii

Maca root powder (Lepidium meyenii) is a Peruvian Andean botanical used traditionally as food and a tonic; modern clinical trials have focused on sexual desire, semen parameters, menopausal symptoms, energy and mood. Typical clinical doses range from <strong>1,500–3,000 mg/day</strong> of gelatinized maca powder, and measurable changes are generally reported after <strong>6–12 weeks</strong>. Maca contains macamides, macamines, glucosinolates, sterols and polyphenols. This encyclopedia-level guide summarizes taxonomy, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical evidence, dosing, safety, drug interactions, quality selection for the US market (FDA/ODS context), and practical consumer guidance.

Schwarze Maca

Lepidium meyenii (black)

Black maca (Lepidium meyenii, black phenotype) is a high‑altitude Peruvian tuberous hypocotyl used traditionally as a food and adaptogen. Modern research highlights a distinct phytochemical fingerprint—particularly lipophilic N‑benzylated fatty acid amides (macamides), macaenes, glucosinolates, sterols and polyphenols—whose preclinical and clinical signals include improvements in libido, male fertility parameters, mood, and perceived energy. Typical clinical dosing ranges from <strong>150 mg</strong> (standardized extracts) to <strong>1,500–3,000 mg/day</strong> (whole/gelatinized powders). Black maca is generally well tolerated short‑term, but robust long‑term human safety and validated pharmacokinetic data for key constituents (macamides) are limited; caution is advised for patients on thyroid replacement, anticoagulants, or with hormone‑sensitive cancers. This encyclopedia‑level article synthesizes taxonomy, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, evidence‑based benefits, dosing guidance, drug interactions, quality criteria, and US regulatory context in a clinically applicable format.

Rote Maca

Lepidium meyenii (red)

Red Maca (Lepidium meyenii, red phenotype) is a high‑altitude Andean tuber used as a food and adaptogenic nutraceutical; cultivated at <strong>3,500–4,500 m</strong>, it contains macamides, glucosinolates, sterols and polyphenols and is marketed as powder, gelatinized powder, and ethanolic extracts for libido, fertility, menopausal symptoms, prostate support and energy. This article presents an evidence-focused, clinically oriented encyclopedia entry synthesizing ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, dosing, safety, drug interactions, quality testing and US market considerations for clinicians, formulary managers and informed consumers.

Gelbe Maca

Lepidium meyenii (yellow)

Yellow Maca (Lepidium meyenii, yellow ecotype) is a Peruvian high‑Andean tuber used traditionally as food and medicine. Modern nutraceutical use centers on libido, fertility support, energy/adaptogenic effects, and menopausal symptom relief. Typical clinical dosing of whole powdered root is <strong>1.5–3 g/day</strong>, with macamide‑enriched extracts dosed in the <strong>300–1,200 mg/day</strong> range. Safety in traditional dietary amounts is long‑standing; concentrated extracts require attention to quality, drug interactions (theoretical), and contraindications (pregnancy, hormone‑sensitive cancers). This article is an exhaustive, clinically oriented monograph for US health professionals and informed consumers.

Gelatinierte Maca

Lepidium meyenii (gelatinized)

Gelatinized Maca (Lepidium meyenii) is a heat- and pressure-processed powder of the Peruvian maca root that concentrates non-starch phytochemicals while reducing resistant starch and improving digestibility. Traditionally consumed in the central Andes for fertility, stamina and resilience, gelatinized maca is now used worldwide as a dietary supplement at typical doses of <strong>1.5–3 g/day</strong>. Clinical research—while heterogeneous in preparations—reports medium-level evidence for improvements in sexual desire and sperm quality and low-to-medium evidence for energy, mood, and menopausal symptom support. Gelatinized processing increases bioaccessibility of macamides and glucosinolates, lipophilic and water-soluble marker classes respectively, and is the preparation most commonly studied in randomized trials. Safety data indicate good tolerance at customary doses, with mild gastrointestinal upset and occasional sleep disturbance reported. Quality selection should prioritize verified Lepidium meyenii identity, gelatinized processing claims, third-party COAs for macamides/glucosinolates, and heavy metal/microbial testing. This article provides an evidence-focused, clinician-level synthesis of chemistry, mechanisms, dosing, interactions, and practical guidance for U.S. consumers and healthcare professionals.

Reishi-Pilz-Extrakt

Ganoderma lucidum

Reishi mushroom extract (Ganoderma lucidum, "Lingzhi") is a complex, commercially produced fungal extract standardized to polysaccharides (beta-glucans) and triterpenes (ganoderic acids). Backed by >2,000 years of traditional use and decades of preclinical/clinical research, Reishi extracts are used in the US for immune support, adaptogenic/stress relief, sleep improvement, hepatic protection and metabolic adjuncts. Products differ by extraction (water, ethanol, dual), formulation (fruiting body, mycelium, spores) and active-marker standardization; typical clinical dosing ranges from 300–3,000 mg/day depending on preparation and goal.

Roter Reishi-Pilz

Ganoderma lucidum (red)

Red Reishi Mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum, red form) is a medicinal polypore fungus used for millennia in East Asian medicine and today sold in the US as a dietary supplement standardized for high-molecular-weight polysaccharides (β-glucans) and lanostane-type triterpenes (ganoderic acids). Modern products range from dried fruiting-body powders to hot-water, ethanol and dual extracts; common clinical-use regimens target immune modulation, mild anti-inflammatory effects, liver support and adaptogenic/sleep benefits at typical adult doses of <strong>500–3,000 mg/day</strong> depending on formulation. Regulatory context: Reishi is marketed under DSHEA in the US and is not FDA-approved to treat disease. This article is a comprehensive, evidence-focused encyclopedia entry that explains chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical outcomes, dosing, drug interactions and quality selection for US consumers and clinicians.

Cordyceps Sinensis

Ophiocordyceps sinensis

Cordyceps sinensis (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) is a traditional Tibetan/Chinese medicinal fungus sold as wild-harvested fruiting bodies and as cultivated mycelium extracts. Modern research identifies key bioactive classes — polysaccharides, nucleoside analogs (notably cordycepin/3'-deoxyadenosine), sterols, and peptides — that support immunomodulation, antioxidant activity, mitochondrial function, and ergogenic effects. Typical US supplement dosing ranges from <strong>500–1,500 mg/day</strong> for maintenance to <strong>1,000–3,000 mg/day</strong> for short-term therapeutic regimens; side effects are usually mild (GI, dry mouth, rare hypersensitivity). This article gives an evidence-focused, clinically oriented synthesis of chemistry, mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, benefits, safety, interactions, product-selection criteria, and practical dosing guidance based on established pre-2024 literature and notes a Phase B update plan to append 2020–2026 verified trials and PMIDs upon user approval for external database access.

Cordyceps Militaris

Cordyceps militaris

Cordyceps militaris is a cultivated medicinal fungus (an entomopathogenic Ascomycete) best known for the nucleoside analogue cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) and water-soluble polysaccharides that together produce immunomodulatory, antifatigue, anti‑inflammatory and metabolic effects. This premium, evidence‑focused encyclopedia article synthesizes taxonomy, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinically relevant benefits, dose guidance for US consumers, safety, drug interactions and US quality criteria. The content is tailored for clinicians, nutraceutical formulators and informed consumers; where primary human PK/clinical trial PMIDs/DOIs are required, this dossier identifies available evidence types (preclinical, early-phase human, small RCTs) and offers a further targeted literature retrieval service to append validated PubMed IDs and full study DOIs upon request.

Löwenmähne-Pilz

Hericium erinaceus

Lion's Mane Mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) is a medicinal and culinary fungus used traditionally in East Asia and now widely marketed in the US as a nootropic and nerve-support nutraceutical. Modern phytochemistry identifies two principal neuroactive families: hericenones (from the fruiting body) and erinacines (predominantly from the mycelium). Typical supplemental doses in human studies and commercial products range from <strong>500 mg to 3,000 mg daily</strong>, with subjective cognitive or mood changes often reported within <strong>4–12 weeks</strong>. Preclinical data show robust NGF (nerve growth factor) induction, neuritogenesis, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and evidence of peripheral nerve regeneration in animal models. Human clinical evidence is limited but promising. IMPORTANT: I currently do not have live access to PubMed/DOI lookups to provide primary-study PMIDs/DOIs requested by 2026 AI-citability standards. I can (A) proceed now with a complete, evidence-aligned encyclopedia article based strictly on the primary research dataset you provided (without live PMIDs/DOIs), or (B) perform a targeted literature retrieval to add verifiable PubMed/DOI citations and quantitative trial data. Please confirm option (A) or (B).

Chaga-Pilz-Extrakt

Inonotus obliquus

Chaga Mushroom Extract (Inonotus obliquus) is a fungal-derived nutraceutical traditionally used in northern Europe and Asia and increasingly sold in the US as concentrated extracts (typically 500–3,000 mg/day). Rich in polysaccharides, triterpenoids (inotodiol, betulinic derivatives), and melanin-like pigments, chaga is investigated for antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, glucose-lowering, antiviral, and potential adjuvant anticancer effects. High-quality human randomized trials are limited; most robust data are preclinical (in vitro and animal) showing modulation of innate immune signaling and antioxidant enzyme activity. Safety signals include possible interactions with anticoagulants and immunosuppressants, rare case reports of liver or kidney effects, and variable product quality on the US market. No NIH/ODS official dosing guideline exists; common commercial doses range from 500–3,000 mg/day of standardized extract, often split twice daily. This premium encyclopedia entry summarizes identification, chemistry, pharmacology, mechanisms, published research trends to 2024, practical dosing and safety guidance for US consumers, and a stepwise product selection checklist with third-party testing recommendations.

Astragalus-Wurzelextrakt

Astragalus membranaceus

Astragalus Root Extract (from Astragalus membranaceus) is a widely used botanical in Traditional Chinese Medicine and modern nutraceuticals; standardized extracts typically contain <strong>10–50% polysaccharides or 0.1–1.5% saponins</strong> and are used at doses of <strong>500–3,000 mg/day</strong) in clinical studies. This encyclopedia-level article synthesizes pharmacology, mechanisms, safety, dosage, drug interactions, and US-market quality guidance based on peer-reviewed literature through June 2024 (note: primary-PMID verification flagged where external lookups are required). It is written for clinicians, pharmacists, and informed consumers who want an evidence-graded, practical reference on astragalus root extract, including molecular targets (e.g., TLRs, NF-κB, MAPK), pharmacokinetics, and clinical trial endpoints for immune support, cardioprotection, glycemic control, and adjunctive oncology uses. Regulatory context (FDA DSHEA, NIH/ODS) and product selection criteria (USP/NSF/ConsumerLab, COAs) for the US market are included. Citations to primary studies are provided with explicit notes where PMIDs/DOIs could not be verified in-session.

Astragalus-Wurzelpulver

Astragalus membranaceus

<p><strong>Astragalus root powder (Radix Astragali, <em>Astragalus membranaceus</em>) is a traditional Chinese medicinal root used for millennia as an immune tonic and adaptogen.</strong> Modern phytochemistry identifies triterpenoid saponins (notably astragaloside IV), high-molecular-weight polysaccharides (APS), and isoflavonoids (formononetin, calycosin) as principal active classes. Contemporary commercial forms include whole dried root powder, hot-water (polysaccharide-rich) decoctions, hydroalcoholic extracts standardized to astragaloside IV, and purified isolates such as cycloastragenol. Typical traditional dosing ranges from <strong>9–30 g/day raw root (decoction)</strong> or approximately <strong>1–3 g/day</strong> dried powdered root for maintenance; standardized extracts commonly supply <strong>250–1,000 mg/day</strong>. Evidence from preclinical and limited clinical studies supports immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and potential adjunctive benefits in oncology and metabolic models. Safety at customary doses is generally good; caution is advised with immunosuppressants, anticoagulants, hypoglycemic drugs, pregnancy and autoimmune disease. This article provides a comprehensive, evidence-minded, clinically focused encyclopedia entry for US consumers and clinicians.</p>

Schisandra-Beeren-Extrakt

Schisandra chinensis

Schisandra Berry Extract (Schisandra chinensis; traditional name <em>Wu Wei Zi</em>) is a standardized botanical extract rich in dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans (commonly reported as “total lignans”) used in the US nutraceutical market as an adaptogen and hepatoprotective agent. Historically used for >2,000 years in East Asian medicine, modern standardized extracts (hydroalcoholic) supply the lipophilic lignan fraction that drives most preclinical antioxidant, mitochondrial‑protective and CYP‑modulating effects. Typical consumer dosing ranges from <strong>200–600 mg/day</strong> of standardized extract (lignan content commonly 1.5%–10%); advanced delivery systems (phytosomes, lipid carriers) are used to improve bioavailability. Evidence includes robust preclinical data (Nrf2 activation, NF‑κB inhibition, mitochondrial stabilization) and a limited number of small human trials for stress, fatigue, sleep and liver support. Safety is generally good in usual doses but important drug interactions through CYP3A4, CYP2C and P‑glycoprotein pathways have been reported; consult clinicians when using anticoagulants, immunosuppressants or narrow‑therapeutic‑index drugs. This encyclopedia entry synthesizes chemistry, PK, mechanisms, dosing, safety, and US‑market guidance for clinicians, formulators and informed consumers.

Schisandra-Beeren-Pulver

Schisandra chinensis

Schisandra Berry Powder (derived from the dried fruit of Schisandra chinensis) is a traditional East‑Asian botanical increasingly used in the US as an adaptogen, hepatoprotective agent, and nootropic support. Modern phytochemistry identifies dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans (schisandrin A/B/C, schisandrols, gomisins) as primary bioactives and water‑soluble polysaccharides as secondary active fractions. Typical supplemental dosing ranges from <strong>1–6 g/day</strong> for whole powder and <strong>100–500 mg/day</strong> for concentrated lignan extracts; standardized ethanolic extracts provide the most consistent systemic exposure. Safety concerns focus on herb–drug interactions (notably CYP3A modulation) and limited data in pregnancy/lactation. This article provides a comprehensive, evidence‑oriented review of chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical uses, dosing, interactions, quality selection, and practical US market guidance, and it highlights the need for targeted verification of recent trial identifiers (PMIDs/DOIs) before clinical citation.

Shatavari-Wurzelextrakt

Asparagus racemosus

Shatavari root extract (Asparagus racemosus Willd.) is a traditional Ayurvedic botanical used primarily as a female tonic and galactagogue. Modern formulations are usually hydroalcoholic extracts standardized to steroidal saponins (shatavarins) or dried root powders. Typical adult doses range from <strong>300–1,000 mg/day</strong> for standardized extracts and <strong>2–6 g/day</strong> for powdered root; clinical evidence is limited but suggests benefit for lactation, mild stress reduction and mucosal protection. This article provides a complete, science-oriented, clinically focused encyclopedia entry on chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, benefits, dosing, safety, interactions and product selection for the US market.

Shatavari-Wurzelpulver

Asparagus racemosus

Shatavari root powder (Asparagus racemosus) is a traditional Ayurvedic botanical used primarily for female reproductive health and lactation. Clinical and preclinical research identifies steroidal saponins (shatavarins) as principal active constituents; typical traditional oral doses are 2–6 g/day for powdered root or 300–1,000 mg/day for standardized extracts. Modern use in the US market emphasizes standardized hydroalcoholic extracts, third‑party testing, and combination formulas for lactation, adaptogenic support, and women’s health. Evidence is strongest in preclinical models and limited human trials for lactation; high‑quality randomized controlled trials remain sparse. Safety data indicate generally good tolerance at customary doses, with gastrointestinal complaints the most common adverse events and important cautions for estrogen‑sensitive cancers, immunosuppressed patients, and interactions with certain drugs. This premium, evidence‑based review synthesizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical benefits, dosing, drug interactions, quality selection and practical guidance tailored to US consumers and clinicians.

Bacopa Monnieri-Extrakt

Bacopa monnieri

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Bacopa Monnieri Synapsa

Bacopa monnieri

Bacopa monnieri Synapsa is a proprietary, standardized extract of the Ayurvedic herb Bacopa monnieri ("Brahmi") formulated for cognitive support. Clinical research using standardized extracts commonly reports cognitive and anxiolytic benefits that accrue with chronic dosing; typical evidence-based dosing is around 300 mg/day of a 20% bacoside extract with measurable improvements in memory and attention after 6–12 weeks. Synapsa-style extracts are standardized to bacoside content (marker triterpenoid saponins) to ensure batch consistency and have been the subject of randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews. The extract’s putative mechanisms include enhancement of cholinergic tone, upregulation of BDNF, antioxidant enzyme induction, and anti-inflammatory signaling. Safety data indicate mild GI symptoms in 5–15% of users and rare sedative effects; avoid use in pregnancy and consult prescribers when combining with anticoagulants or cholinergic/psychotropic medications. This premium guide synthesizes phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, evidence-based benefits, dosing, interactions, and US-specific purchasing and regulatory guidance for health professionals and educated consumers.

Gotu Kola-Extrakt

Centella asiatica

Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) extract is a standardized botanical supplement rich in pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins (e.g., asiaticoside, madecassoside) used clinically and traditionally for wound healing, chronic venous insufficiency and topical skin repair. Modern standardized extracts typically deliver **60–360 mg/day** of triterpenoid-containing material orally or **0.2–5%** topical concentrations for dermatologic use. This article delivers a comprehensive, evidence-focused encyclopedia entry covering identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical benefits, dosing, safety, interactions, product selection (US market), and practical guidance; it highlights knowledge gaps and offers next steps to retrieve recent (2020–2026) primary studies with PubMed IDs/DOIs on request.

Gotu Kola-Blattpulver

Centella asiatica

Gotu Kola leaf powder (Centella asiatica) is a traditional medicinal botanical standardized for pentacyclic triterpenes (asiaticoside, madecassoside) used clinically for wound healing, venotonic effects, cognitive support and dermatologic anti-aging; typical oral supplemental doses range from 500–1,000 mg/day (whole-leaf) or 60–180 mg/day total triterpenes (standardized extract).

Jiaogulan-Extrakt

Gynostemma pentaphyllum

Jiaogulan extract (Gynostemma pentaphyllum) is a saponin-rich botanical adaptogen traditionally brewed as a tea in southern China and now sold as standardized extracts for metabolic, hepatic and adaptogenic support. Commercial products are solvent extracts (aqueous or hydroalcoholic) standardized to total gypenosides — a complex family of >80 dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins. Typical supplement dosing ranges from <strong>100–600 mg/day</strong> of concentrated extract (or 2–10 g/day dried leaf tea). Preclinical evidence supports AMPK activation, Nrf2 antioxidant induction and NF-κB inhibition as principal mechanisms; human clinical data are limited and small but suggest possible benefits for lipids, glycemic control and endothelial function when used adjunctively. Quality control (HPLC fingerprinting, third-party COAs) and drug-interaction vigilance (antidiabetics, anticoagulants, antihypertensives) are essential for safe use.

Süßholzwurzel-Extrakt

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Licorice root extract (derived from Glycyrrhiza species) is a centuries-old botanical standardized around the triterpenoid saponin glycyrrhizic acid (glycyrrhizin) and its metabolite glycyrrhetinic acid. This evidence-based guide summarizes identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, clinically supported benefits (peptic ulcer mucoprotection, topical dermatology, investigational antiviral/hepatoprotective uses), dosing guidance with a conservative chronic glycyrrhizin limit of ≤100 mg/day, safety signals (pseudohyperaldosteronism — hypertension, hypokalemia, edema), major drug interactions (diuretics, digoxin, antihypertensives), and US-focused quality and regulatory advice (DSHEA, FDA, NIH/NCCIH). It explains differences between deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) and whole extracts, compares flavonoid-rich vs glycyrrhizin-rich preparations, and provides practical selection and monitoring recommendations for consumers and clinicians. Note: specific 2020–2026 PubMed/DOI references require internet verification; a curated list of recent trial PMIDs/DOIs can be provided on request or after authorization for live literature access.

DGL Süßholz

Glycyrrhiza glabra (deglycyrrhizinated)

Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) is a processed extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra root engineered to remove the glycyrrhizin/glycyrrhetinic‑acid fraction that causes mineralocorticoid side effects while preserving mucilage and flavonoids (eg. glabridin, liquiritigenin). Clinically used primarily as a topical gastrointestinal mucoprotectant, DGL is marketed most commonly as a 380 mg chewable tablet dosed 2–4 times daily (typical total 760–1520 mg/day) to support peptic ulcer healing, reduce dyspepsia symptoms, and provide adjunctive relief in reflux and oral ulceration. Mechanisms combine immediate topical mucosal film formation (polysaccharide/mucilage), stimulation of prostaglandin‑mediated mucus secretion, pepsin inhibition, and flavonoid‑mediated antioxidant/anti‑inflammatory and in vitro anti‑Helicobacter pylori activity. Proper manufacturing (HPLC standardization, COA showing low glycyrrhizin) is critical to safety; well‑processed DGL minimizes risks of hypertension and hypokalemia associated with whole licorice. This article provides an encyclopedic, clinically oriented review of identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, evidence‑based benefits, dosing, interactions, contraindications, quality selection for the US market, and practical consumer recommendations, and it offers next steps for verifiable contemporary literature retrieval.

He Shou Wu-Extrakt

Polygonum multiflorum

He Shou Wu (Polygonum multiflorum, also marketed as “Fo‑ti”) is a traditional Chinese medicinal root used for centuries as a tonic for hair pigment, vitality, and ‘liver/kidney’ nourishment. Modern phytochemistry identifies two principal marker classes: the hydrophilic stilbene glycoside TSG (2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside) and lipophilic anthraquinones such as emodin. Contemporary preparations vary: aqueous decoctions and processed (zhi) root favor TSG and polysaccharides, while ethanol extracts concentrate anthraquinones and carry higher reported hepatotoxic risk. Typical commercial extract dosing ranges from <strong>200–1,000 mg/day</strong> (common market range), while traditional decoctions commonly use <strong>6–12 g/day</strong> of the raw or processed root. Evidence for benefits is primarily preclinical (antioxidant, neuroprotective, metabolic modulation, hair/follicle support). Importantly, He Shou Wu has been associated with rare but serious herb-induced liver injury (HILI); avoid in active liver disease and monitor LFTs when used long-term. This comprehensive, science‑oriented guide summarizes identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical claims, dosing guidance, interactions, safety, quality criteria, and practical advice for US consumers and clinicians.

Mucuna Pruriens-Extrakt

Mucuna pruriens

Mucuna pruriens extract (velvet bean) is a seed-derived herbal supplement notable for its content of the dopamine precursor L‑3,4‑dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‑DOPA), which can comprise approximately <strong>1–7%</strong> of raw seed weight and up to higher percentages in standardized extracts. This encyclopedia‑level guide synthesizes botanical identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, evidence‑based clinical benefits (Parkinsonian motor improvement, male fertility, mood/drive, antioxidant/neuroprotective potential), safety, drug interactions, dosing guidance and US‑market quality criteria. The article emphasizes clinical context: plant‑sourced L‑DOPA has pharmacology comparable to pharmaceutical levodopa but differs in purity, formulation, and the absence of routinely co‑formulated peripheral aromatic L‑amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) inhibitors such as carbidopa. Consumers and clinicians should treat standardized Mucuna extracts as pharmacologically active supplements, verify Certificates of Analysis (CoA) for L‑DOPA content and contaminant testing, and consult prescribers before use—especially if taking MAO inhibitors, antipsychotics, antihypertensives, anticoagulants, or iron supplements. This concise summary is followed by a complete, richly formatted 1,800–2,300 word HTML article with practical US‑focused recommendations, product selection guidance (USP/NSF/ConsumerLab considerations) and a structured FAQ.

Tribulus Terrestris-Extrakt

Tribulus terrestris

Tribulus terrestris extract is a standardized botanical supplement derived from the puncture‑vine (Zygophyllaceae) used across Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine and modern nutraceuticals for sexual health, athletic support and metabolic adjunctive benefits. This premium, evidence-focused guide synthesizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinically tested benefits, dosing, safety, drug interactions and US‑market quality criteria. It explains why effects in humans are mixed despite strong preclinical rationale — variability in saponin composition (notably protodioscin), extraction method, formulation and the gut microbiome drive inconsistent bioavailability and outcomes. Practical guidance includes standardized dosing ranges (commonly 250–750 mg/day; therapeutic trials up to 1,500 mg/day), recommended trial durations (minimum 8–12 weeks), key contraindications (pregnancy, hormone-sensitive cancers), and a checklist for selecting third‑party tested products (USP/NSF/ConsumerLab, protodioscin or total saponin CoA, heavy‑metal and microbial testing).

Shilajit-Harz

Asphaltum punjabianum

Shilajit resin is a dark, sticky, humic-rich natural exudate traditionally used in Ayurveda as a rasayana (rejuvenator) and adaptogen. It is a complex organic–mineral mixture dominated by fulvic and humic acids, low-molecular-weight dibenzo‑alpha‑pyrone (DBP) derivatives, trace minerals and small metabolites. Modern interest centers on putative mitochondrial support, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, and preliminary clinical signals for fatigue reduction, male reproductive support, and cognitive resilience. Composition and safety vary dramatically by geographic source and processing; contamination with heavy metals and mycotoxins is a documented marketplace risk. Typical supplemental dosing for standardized extracts ranges from 100–1,000 mg/day (commonly 250–500 mg/day). High-quality selection requires batch Certificates of Analysis (ICP‑MS heavy metals, microbial limits) and third‑party testing (NSF/USP/ConsumerLab). This article provides an in-depth, clinically oriented, evidence‑focused encyclopedia entry suitable for clinicians, researchers and informed consumers in the U.S. market.

Shilajit-Pulverextrakt

Asphaltum punjabianum

Shilajit Powder Extract is a fulvic acid–rich, mineral-organic resinous phytocomplex used for millennia in Ayurvedic and Central Asian medicine to support energy, cognitive function, and reproductive health. Modern standardized extracts (commonly 200–500 mg/day) concentrate fulvic acids and dibenzo‑alpha‑pyrones (DBPs) and are promoted for mitochondrial support, antioxidant activity and adaptive resilience. Quality and safety depend entirely on purification and third‑party testing because raw materials can contain heavy metals, PAHs and mycotoxins. This article provides an evidence‑focused 2026 encyclopedic review of chemistry, mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, dosing, interactions and US regulatory considerations.

Moringa-Blattpulver

Moringa oleifera

Moringa leaf powder is a nutrient-dense botanical supplement made from dried and milled leaves of Moringa oleifera. Rich in provitamin A carotenoids, vitamin C, calcium, potassium and plant protein, moringa leaf powder is used worldwide as a food fortificant and as a dietary supplement for metabolic, inflammatory and lactation support. Clinical trials show modest, dose-dependent improvements in glycemic control and lipid markers over 4–12 weeks; typical supplement doses range from 1–6 g/day. This encyclopedia-level guide synthesizes botanical identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, evidence-based benefits, dosage, safety, drug interactions, quality selection for the US market, and practical consumer advice. Note: this document draws on an offline evidence synthesis provided by the user; direct PubMed/DOI identifiers for primary trials are not included here because live web access was not available during generation. If you permit internet lookup, I will fetch verified PMIDs/DOIs and attach full citations.

Moringa-Blattextrakt

Moringa oleifera

Moringa leaf extract is a standardized botanical nutraceutical derived from the dried leaves of Moringa oleifera. Rich in flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol), phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid), glucosinolates (glucomoringin) and isothiocyanates (moringin), it combines concentrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and metabolic-support activities with a nutrient-dense profile (vitamins A, C, E; calcium, iron, potassium). Modern preparations range from whole-leaf powder (1–6 g/day) to hydroalcoholic or isothiocyanate-enriched standardized extracts (commonly 300–600 mg/day). Clinical studies show medium-level evidence for modest improvements in fasting glucose, lipids and inflammatory biomarkers over 4–12 weeks when quality-controlled leaf extracts are used as adjuncts. Safety is good for leaf preparations at customary doses but root/bark parts are contraindicated in pregnancy. Quality selection should prioritize clear botanical identification, third-party Certificates of Analysis (heavy metals, microbes), and standardization to marker compounds such as glucomoringin or total polyphenols.

Amla-Beeren-Extrakt

Phyllanthus emblica

Amla (Phyllanthus emblica, also known as Indian gooseberry) is a polyphenol‑ and vitamin C–rich botanical used for centuries in Ayurveda and now standardized as extracts (250–1,000 mg/day) for antioxidant, cardiometabolic, hepatic and immunomodulatory support. This premium, evidence‑oriented guide explains identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, clinically reported benefits, dosing strategies, safety, drug interactions and product‑selection criteria for the US market. Note: specific PubMed IDs / DOIs for individual trials are not embedded here because I currently cannot access live PubMed; I can fetch and append verified PMIDs/DOIs on request.

Triphala-Extrakt

Emblica officinalis, Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula

Triphala Extract is a traditional Ayurvedic polyherbal extract composed of three dried fruits — Emblica officinalis (Amla), Terminalia bellirica (Bibhitaki) and Terminalia chebula (Haritaki) — traditionally blended in a 1:1:1 ratio and formulated today as powders, aqueous or hydroalcoholic standardized extracts, capsules and topical oral rinses. Modern phytochemistry identifies vitamin C, gallic and ellagic acids, chebulinic/chebulagic tannins and flavonoids as principal actives. Preclinical data indicate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and gut-microbiome-modulating activities; small human trials support topical oral benefits (gingivitis/plaque) and modest improvements in bowel regularity and metabolic markers. Typical supplemental dosing ranges from 250–1500 mg/day for standardized extracts, while traditional powdered bedtime doses for laxative effect are 1–3 g. Triphala may reduce iron absorption and can interact pharmacodynamically with anticoagulants and antidiabetics; it is generally well tolerated but can cause dose-dependent gastrointestinal symptoms. This article provides an evidence-focused, clinically oriented, US-centric encyclopedia guide including chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, benefits, dosing, interactions, quality criteria and practical consumer advice.

Guduchi-Extrakt

Tinospora cordifolia

<p><strong>Guduchi extract (Tinospora cordifolia) is a multi‑constituent Ayurvedic botanical used traditionally as a Rasayana (rejuvenator) and currently studied as an immunomodulator, adaptogen, hepatoprotective agent and metabolic support botanical.</strong> This concise 200‑word summary explains source, chemistry, mechanisms, clinical uses, dosing ranges and safety considerations for U.S. consumers and clinicians. Guduchi extracts are typically prepared from the stem and standardized to marker diterpenoids (e.g., <em>tinosporide</em>) or total polysaccharides. Common commercial doses range from <strong>300–600 mg/day</strong> of standardized hydroalcoholic extract, with clinical trials using up to <strong>1,000–1,200 mg/day</strong> in some protocols. Mechanistically, Guduchi shows polysaccharide‑mediated innate immune activation (macrophages, NK cells), anti‑inflammatory modulation via NF‑κB/MAPK attenuation, antioxidant (Nrf2) induction and metabolic effects including improved insulin sensitivity in preclinical models. Safety: generally well tolerated but rare cases of herb‑induced liver injury have been reported; baseline and periodic liver function monitoring is reasonable for long‑term use or those on hepatically metabolized drugs. In the U.S. market, choose GMP‑manufactured, standardized extracts with third‑party Certificates of Analysis (heavy metals, microbial, solvent testing). For a verified list of recent trials and PubMed IDs, I can perform a live literature search and append validated citations on request.</p>

Suma-Wurzelextrakt

Pfaffia paniculata

Suma root extract (Pfaffia paniculata), commonly marketed as “Brazilian ginseng,” is a traditional Amazonian root used as an adaptogen and tonic. Modern phytochemistry identifies key marker compounds — notably the ecdysteroid 20‑hydroxyecdysone and triterpene saponins (pfaffosides) — and commercial products are typically hydroalcoholic extracts standardized to these markers. High-quality human clinical trials on whole‑root Suma are scarce; most evidence is preclinical (in vitro/animal) or derived from constituent‑level work. Typical supplement doses in the US market range from 250–1,000 mg/day for standardized extracts; safety data are limited for pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, and long‑term high‑dose use. This article is a comprehensive, evidence‑aware synthesis for clinicians, researchers, and informed consumers seeking an up‑to‑date scientific overview (2026).

Maralwurzel-Extrakt

Rhaponticum carthamoides

Maral root extract (Rhaponticum carthamoides; syn. Leuzea carthamoides) is a Siberian perennial root extract standardized for phytoecdysteroids—principally <strong>20‑hydroxyecdysone (20E)</strong>—used as an adaptogen and sports nutraceutical. Modern formulations supply <strong>~100–400 mg/day</strong> of extract or isolated 20E and are promoted to support muscle protein synthesis, recovery, and stamina. Preclinical studies show consistent activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis in skeletal muscle and antioxidant/HPA‑modulatory effects in animal models; human randomized trials are limited but one controlled trial reported statistically significant increases in lean mass and strength with ecdysterone supplementation during resistance training. Quality selection in the US emphasizes standardized ecdysteroid content, third‑party Certificates of Analysis, and NSF/ConsumerLab/USP verification for athlete safety. Safety data are favorable at common supplemental doses, but use is contraindicated in pregnancy, breastfeeding, and in persons taking warfarin or certain hormone therapies without medical supervision.

Prince Shen-Extrakt

Pseudostellaria heterophylla

Prince Shen Extract (Taizishen; Pseudostellaria heterophylla root extract) is a polysaccharide‑rich botanical used in Traditional Chinese Medicine as a mild spleen and lung tonic and marketed in the US as an adaptogenic, immune‑supporting supplement. Typical modern standardized extracts deliver <strong>300–600 mg/day</strong> of polysaccharide‑enriched powder; intact polysaccharide systemic bioavailability is very low (<strong>&lt;5%</strong>) and many effects are mediated via gut microbial fermentation to short‑chain fatty acids. Preclinical literature (in vitro and animal) supports immunomodulatory, antioxidant and anti‑fatigue actions through modulation of TLR and lectin receptors, NF‑κB/MAPK pathways and Nrf2 antioxidant signaling. High‑quality randomized controlled trials in humans are limited as of mid‑2024. This article is an exhaustive, evidence‑oriented encyclopedia entry tailored to US practitioners, formulators and educated consumers, with practical dosing, safety, drug‑interaction and product‑selection guidance.

Codonopsis-Wurzelextrakt

Codonopsis pilosula

<p><strong>Codonopsis root extract (Dang Shen) is a traditional Chinese medicinal root used for centuries as a Qi tonic and is commonly dosed in modern supplements at <strong>300–1,000 mg/day</strong>.</strong> This concise summary synthesizes botanical identification, chemistry, pharmacology, preclinical and limited clinical evidence, dosing guidance used in US supplements, safety, drug interactions, quality selection criteria and practical tips for healthcare providers and informed consumers. Codonopsis extracts are chemically complex mixtures dominated by high-molecular-weight polysaccharides (Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides, CPP), triterpenoid saponins and phenolic glycosides (e.g., lobetyolin), with different extraction methods producing markedly different constituent profiles. Evidence for benefits (anti-fatigue, immunomodulation, gut-microbiota effects, organ protection) is strongest in in vitro and animal models; human randomized controlled trials are sparse. Key safety considerations include potential interactions with immunosuppressants and anticoagulants, and limited safety data in pregnancy/lactation. For US consumers, choose standardized, third-party tested products with Certificates of Analysis and GMP-compliant manufacturing.</p>

Schmetterlingstramete

Trametes versicolor

Turkey Tail (Trametes versicolor) is a widely distributed polypore mushroom valued for its high-molecular-weight ß-glucans and protein–polysaccharide fractions (PSK/PSP). Historically used in East Asian medicine, modern hot-water extracts of fruiting bodies are standardized for immune-supportive activity and used as adjunctive therapy in oncology in some countries. Clinical and preclinical data support immunomodulation (enhanced NK-cell activity, macrophage and dendritic cell activation), gut–immune axis effects, and supportive outcomes in cancer care when PSK is used under medical supervision. Typical nutraceutical dosing ranges from 1,000–3,000 mg/day (hot-water extract), while PSK clinical regimens in Japan have used ~3 g/day. Safety is generally good at standard doses but contraindications include organ transplant recipients on immunosuppression and concurrent use with certain anticoagulants—consult your clinician. This premium article provides an evidence-informed, US-focused, practical guide (chemistry, PK considerations, mechanisms, clinical benefits, dosing, interactions, and product selection).

Maitake-Pilz-Extrakt

Grifola frondosa

Maitake mushroom extract (from Grifola frondosa) is a polysaccharide‑rich dietary supplement standardized most commonly for branched beta‑1,3/1,6‑glucans (and protein‑bound polysaccharides such as proprietary 'D‑Fraction'). Typical extracts concentrate high‑molecular‑weight beta‑glucans (molar mass range ~<strong>10,000 – >1,000,000 Da</strong>) and are prepared by hot‑water extraction, sometimes combined with ethanol to include lipophilic sterols. Historically used as a functional food in East Asia, modern research (preclinical and small clinical trials) focuses on immune modulation (Dectin‑1/CR3/TLR pathways), adjunctive oncology support, glycemic and lipid effects, and microbiome modulation. Commercial US products vary widely in composition and quality; common supplemental doses range from <strong>500 mg to 3,000 mg/day</strong>, with many clinical pilot protocols using 1,000–2,000 mg/day. Safety profiles are generally favorable, with gastrointestinal upset and rare allergic reactions being the most reported adverse events. High‑quality, large randomized controlled trials are limited; consumers should choose third‑party tested products and consult clinicians when taking antidiabetic, immunosuppressant, anticoagulant, or chemotherapeutic drugs. This article is a comprehensive, evidence‑oriented encyclopedia‑level review covering chemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, clinical benefits, dosing, safety, interactions, product selection, and US‑specific regulatory context.

Shiitake-Pilz-Extrakt

Lentinula edodes

Shiitake mushroom extract (from Lentinula edodes) is a widely used medicinal mushroom preparation standardized most often for water-soluble β-glucans (notably lentinan) or enriched for the small-molecule eritadenine. Hot‑water extracts target immune modulation via dectin‑1/CR3 signaling while eritadenine influences hepatic phospholipid metabolism and serum LDL. Typical supplement doses range from <strong>300–1,000 mg/day</strong> for standardized β‑glucan extracts and <strong>1–3 g/day</strong> for whole-powder preparations; parenteral lentinan is a prescription oncology adjunct (historical IV dosing ~<strong>1–2 mg weekly</strong>). This authoritative, evidence-focused encyclopedia article synthesizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical benefits, dosing guidance, safety, drug interactions, product selection criteria for the US market (FDA/NIH context), and practical consumer recommendations. Where human PK or high‑quality RCT data are limited in public databases, the text flags gaps and provides exact search strategies to retrieve peer‑reviewed clinical trials and systematic reviews from PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov.

Dong Quai-Extrakt

Angelica sinensis

Dang Gui extract (dried root of Angelica sinensis) is a traditional Chinese medicine commonly standardized to ferulic acid and Z-ligustilide. Typical traditional dosing is <strong>6–12 g/day</strong> of dried root (equivalent standardized extract ~<strong>300–1,500 mg/day</strong>). Modern research supports multi-mechanistic effects — antioxidant (Nrf2), anti-inflammatory (NF-κB suppression), vasodilatory (eNOS/NO upregulation), immunomodulatory (polysaccharides), and weak estrogenic modulation — though robust randomized clinical evidence for isolated Dang Gui is limited and often comes from combination formulas. For safety, main concerns are pharmacodynamic bleeding risk with anticoagulants and theoretical estrogenic interactions; avoid in pregnancy unless supervised. This premium encyclopedia article synthesizes phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical uses, dosing, synergies, interactions, quality criteria and US-market guidance in a single, evidence-oriented resource based on the provided primary dataset.

Goji-Beeren-Extrakt

Lycium barbarum

Goji Berry Extract (Lycium barbarum) is a botanical phytocomplex widely used as a traditional tonic and modern dietary supplement. Standard commercial extracts are enriched either for Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) or for carotenoids (notably zeaxanthin dipalmitate). Preclinical data support antioxidant, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective mechanisms, while limited human trials report improvements in subjective fatigue, some oxidative biomarkers, and retinal carotenoid accumulation when standardized carotenoids are provided with dietary fat. Safety is generally good at customary dietary doses, but clinically important interactions (notably with warfarin) have been reported. This article provides a complete, evidence-focused, clinical and practical encyclopedia entry for US clinicians, formulators and informed consumers — covering identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical benefits, dosing ranges, interactions, contraindications, quality criteria and practical tips for selection on the US market.

Jujube-Fruchtextrakt

Ziziphus jujuba

Jujube fruit extract (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is a traditional botanical ingredient used as a nutritive tonic, mild adaptogen and antioxidant. Harvested from the dried ripe pome of the jujube tree, commercial extracts are produced as aqueous or hydroalcoholic concentrates, whole-fruit powders, or seed-standardized preparations. The fruit is rich in polysaccharides, vitamin C, flavonoids (e.g., quercetin derivatives) and phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic acid). Traditional Chinese medicine has used the fruit (Da Zao) for millennia to tonify qi and blood, harmonize formulas, and soothe the gastrointestinal tract; modern preclinical research (in vitro and animal models) supports antioxidant, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory and metabolic activities while seed-derived jujubosides (from Suanzaoren) are more strongly linked to sedative/anxiolytic effects. Typical commercial dosing ranges for fruit extracts are <strong>250–1,000 mg/day</strong> for concentrated extracts or <strong>1–6 g/day</strong> for whole-fruit powders; seed extracts for sleep are commonly dosed at <strong>300–600 mg/night</strong>. Evidence in humans is limited and largely preliminary. This article provides an exhaustive, medically oriented synthesis for clinicians, formulators and informed consumers in the US market, including pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, interactions and quality-selection guidance.

Rehmannia-Wurzelextrakt

Rehmannia glutinosa

Rehmannia root extract (Rehmannia glutinosa; Di Huang) is a traditional Chinese medicinal botanical used for over 1,500 years as a kidney- and blood-nourishing herb. Modern phytochemistry identifies iridoid glycosides (notably catalpol), phenylethanoid glycosides (acteoside), and heterogeneous polysaccharide fractions as principal bioactive constituents. Preclinical research (in vitro and animal models) supports antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, nephroprotective, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and antidiabetic actions attributable to these constituents, but high-quality randomized controlled trials in humans are scarce. Typical modern supplement doses range from 200 to 600 mg/day for standardized aqueous extracts (or 6 to 30 g/day of dried root in traditional decoctions). Safety signals are generally mild and gastrointestinal; key precautions include potential interaction risks with anticoagulants, antidiabetics and immunosuppressants and avoidance in pregnancy/breastfeeding without medical supervision. This premium article provides an exhaustive, science-oriented, clinically practical encyclopedia-level review with formulation guidance, mechanisms, dosing frameworks, and quality selection for the US market.

Kiefernpollen-Pulver

Pinus massoniana

Pine pollen powder (Pinus massoniana and related Pinus species) is a traditional East Asian botanical nutraceutical composed of a complex matrix of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, sterols and flavonoids; typical commercial adult dosing ranges from <strong>500 mg to 3,000 mg per day</strong>. This premium, encyclopedia-level guide synthesizes taxonomy, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, safety, product selection and practical dosing for U.S. consumers and clinicians while transparently reporting the current gap: <strong>robust human randomized controlled trials for pine pollen are essentially lacking as of mid-2024</strong>. The article emphasizes allergen risk, likely pharmacology inferred from constituent classes (phytosterols, flavonoids, polysaccharides, carotenoids), expected bioavailability differences between whole powder and extracts, drug interaction cautions (anticoagulants, immunosuppressants, hormone therapies), and U.S.-specific regulatory context (DSHEA, FDA, NIH/ODS). Choose products with third-party batch Certificates of Analysis, GMP compliance and clear allergen labeling; avoid pine pollen if you have tree-pollen allergy, are pregnant or immunosuppressed, or take warfarin without clinician oversight.

Brennnesselwurzel-Extrakt

Urtica dioica

<p><strong>Nettle root extract (Urtica dioica root) is a standardized botanical preparation principally used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS); typical clinical dosing is <strong>300–600 mg/day</strong> of standardized lipophilic root extract.</strong></p><p>This premium synopsis summarizes taxonomy, chemistry, pharmacology, mechanisms, clinical uses, dosing, safety, drug interactions, product-selection criteria for the US market (FDA/DSHEA context), and practical consumer guidance. It is written for clinicians, pharmacists, nutraceutical formulators and informed consumers who want an evidence-oriented, mechanism-rich review. Note: specific PubMed IDs and DOIs are not embedded in this document because live PubMed access was not available during generation; a dedicated citation pass can be provided on request.</p>