Elevated superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels are associated with reduced risk of vascular mild cognitive impairment (VaMCI) and severe cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) burden in elderly patients, acting as a protective factor. Logistic regression analyses showed significant inverse associations after adjusting for confounders. The study highlights SOD's potential as a therapeutic target against oxidative stress-related conditions.

Higher serum SOD activity is associated with increased risk of esophageal cancer, with the third tertile showing an odds ratio of 7.41 compared to the first (P for trend = 0.040). This association persisted in subjects followed over 3 years (OR = 7.63). The findings suggest serum SOD activity as a potential risk marker for esophageal cancer.

Subcutaneous administration of 40 mg rhSOD was well-tolerated in healthy volunteers, showing improved pharmacokinetics with sustained circulating SOD levels compared to intravenous dosing. The study supports rhSOD as a therapeutic candidate for conditions with excessive superoxide exposure, such as inflammation and oxidative stress-related diseases. Further clinical trials are recommended.