Mushrooms

Reishi-Pilz-Extrakt

Ganoderma lucidum

Reishi mushroom extract (Ganoderma lucidum, "Lingzhi") is a complex, commercially produced fungal extract standardized to polysaccharides (beta-glucans) and triterpenes (ganoderic acids). Backed by >2,000 years of traditional use and decades of preclinical/clinical research, Reishi extracts are used in the US for immune support, adaptogenic/stress relief, sleep improvement, hepatic protection and metabolic adjuncts. Products differ by extraction (water, ethanol, dual), formulation (fruiting body, mycelium, spores) and active-marker standardization; typical clinical dosing ranges from 300–3,000 mg/day depending on preparation and goal.

Löwenmähne-Pilz-Extrakt

Hericium erinaceus

Lion's Mane (Hericium erinaceus) extract is a fungal nutraceutical best known for compounds that stimulate nerve growth factor (NGF) pathways and support cognitive health. Standardized extracts contain hericenones (fruiting body) and erinacines (mycelium) that have shown nerve-regenerative effects in preclinical models and modest cognitive improvements in small human trials. Typical supplemental doses range from <strong>500–3,000 mg/day</strong> depending on extract concentration and clinical goal. In the US market, quality varies widely; look for third-party testing (USP/NSF/ConsumerLab), clear mushroom part (fruiting body vs mycelium), and standardized polysaccharide or erinacine content. Safety data are favorable overall, with mild gastrointestinal or skin reactions reported in <strong>≤10%</strong> of trial participants; serious adverse events and established drug–herb interactions remain rare but plausible (anticoagulants, immunosuppressants). This article provides a complete encyclopedia-level review, including chemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, clinical benefits across eight categories, dosage, interactions, contraindications, and US-focused product selection criteria.

Cordyceps Sinensis-Extrakt

Ophiocordyceps sinensis

Cordyceps sinensis extract (also marketed as Ophiocordyceps sinensis extract or ‘caterpillar fungus’ extract) is a multi‑constituent fungal nutraceutical standardized for nucleoside markers (notably cordycepin/3'-deoxyadenosine) and heterogeneous polysaccharides (β-glucans). Traditionally used in Tibetan and Chinese medicine as a tonic for stamina, respiratory support and libido, modern commercial products are predominantly cultured mycelium extracts or standardized aqueous/hydroalcoholic concentrates. Clinical research is limited but indicates potential ergogenic (anti‑fatigue), immunomodulatory, antioxidant and mild anti‑inflammatory effects when taken at commonly marketed doses (typical extract dosing ranges: 300–1,000 mg/day; traditional whole-powder doses: 1–3 g/day). Pharmacokinetically, cordycepin has low oral bioavailability (<20% in preclinical models) due to rapid deamination by adenosine deaminase (ADA), whereas high‑molecular‑weight polysaccharides act primarily in the gut and on innate immunity. Safety profile is generally favorable at supplement doses; key cautions include potential interactions with anticoagulants, immunosuppressants and antidiabetic agents, and lack of robust safety data in pregnancy and breastfeeding. This article synthesizes taxonomy, chemistry, mechanisms, dosing, safety, product quality criteria and practical guidance for US consumers and clinicians.

Cordyceps Militaris-Extrakt

Cordyceps militaris

Cordyceps militaris extract is a cultivated medicinal mushroom standardized most often for the nucleoside cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) and polysaccharides (β-glucans). This 2,000‑word premium encyclopedia article summarizes taxonomy, chemistry (<code>C10H13N5O3</code> for cordycepin), cultivation, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, eight science-backed benefits, dosage guidance used in US supplements (typical whole-extract: <strong>1,000–3,000 mg/day</strong>), safety, drug interactions, product quality criteria, and practical consumer guidance. Sections open with concise, quotable facts and each benefit is supported by study placeholders pending authorization to retrieve PubMed IDs/DOIs. This resource is tailored to clinicians, formulators and informed consumers in the US market and emphasizes FDA/NIH regulatory context, third-party testing and GMP quality assurance.

Chaga-Pilz-Extrakt

Inonotus obliquus

Chaga Mushroom Extract (Inonotus obliquus) is a fungal-derived nutraceutical traditionally used in northern Europe and Asia and increasingly sold in the US as concentrated extracts (typically 500–3,000 mg/day). Rich in polysaccharides, triterpenoids (inotodiol, betulinic derivatives), and melanin-like pigments, chaga is investigated for antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, glucose-lowering, antiviral, and potential adjuvant anticancer effects. High-quality human randomized trials are limited; most robust data are preclinical (in vitro and animal) showing modulation of innate immune signaling and antioxidant enzyme activity. Safety signals include possible interactions with anticoagulants and immunosuppressants, rare case reports of liver or kidney effects, and variable product quality on the US market. No NIH/ODS official dosing guideline exists; common commercial doses range from 500–3,000 mg/day of standardized extract, often split twice daily. This premium encyclopedia entry summarizes identification, chemistry, pharmacology, mechanisms, published research trends to 2024, practical dosing and safety guidance for US consumers, and a stepwise product selection checklist with third-party testing recommendations.

Schmetterlingstramete-Extrakt

Trametes versicolor

<p><strong>Turkey Tail (Trametes versicolor) extract is a hot‑water–derived fungal supplement rich in protein–polysaccharide complexes (PSK/PSP) and soluble β‑glucans that have been used clinically—PSK dosing historically ≈3,000 mg/day in Japanese adjuvant oncology trials.</strong></p><p>This concise, science‑oriented summary (200 words) explains identification, chemistry, mechanisms, clinical uses, dosing ranges, safety signals and quality selection for the US market. Turkey Tail is a wood‑decay basidiomycete (genus <em>Trametes</em>) whose active fractions are high‑molecular‑weight β‑glucans and protein‑bound polysaccharides (PSK, PSP). Modern preparations emphasize hot‑water extraction to preserve water‑soluble polysaccharides; dual extracts retain ethanol‑soluble phenolics as well. Mechanistically, turkey tail acts primarily as a biological response modifier via pattern‑recognition receptors (dectin‑1, TLR2/4, CR3), enhancing macrophage, dendritic cell and NK cell functions and modifying gut microbiota fermentation to short‑chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Clinical interest centers on adjunctive oncology support (historical PSK data from East Asia), immune support for respiratory infection, and microbiome modulation. Typical supplement dosing ranges from <strong>500–3,000 mg/day</strong> depending on extract standardization and clinical goals. Safety in healthy adults at these doses is generally good; important contraindications include concurrent systemic immunosuppression, unstable autoimmune disease, pregnancy and potential interactions with anticoagulants and immune therapies. For primary research (2020–2026) consult PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov for up‑to‑date PMIDs/DOIs using the queries provided below.</p>

Shiitake-Pilz-Extrakt

Lentinula edodes

Shiitake mushroom extract (from Lentinula edodes) is a widely used medicinal mushroom preparation standardized most often for water-soluble β-glucans (notably lentinan) or enriched for the small-molecule eritadenine. Hot‑water extracts target immune modulation via dectin‑1/CR3 signaling while eritadenine influences hepatic phospholipid metabolism and serum LDL. Typical supplement doses range from <strong>300–1,000 mg/day</strong> for standardized β‑glucan extracts and <strong>1–3 g/day</strong> for whole-powder preparations; parenteral lentinan is a prescription oncology adjunct (historical IV dosing ~<strong>1–2 mg weekly</strong>). This authoritative, evidence-focused encyclopedia article synthesizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical benefits, dosing guidance, safety, drug interactions, product selection criteria for the US market (FDA/NIH context), and practical consumer recommendations. Where human PK or high‑quality RCT data are limited in public databases, the text flags gaps and provides exact search strategies to retrieve peer‑reviewed clinical trials and systematic reviews from PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov.

Maitake-Pilz-Extrakt

Grifola frondosa

Maitake mushroom extract (from Grifola frondosa) is a polysaccharide‑rich dietary supplement standardized most commonly for branched beta‑1,3/1,6‑glucans (and protein‑bound polysaccharides such as proprietary 'D‑Fraction'). Typical extracts concentrate high‑molecular‑weight beta‑glucans (molar mass range ~<strong>10,000 – >1,000,000 Da</strong>) and are prepared by hot‑water extraction, sometimes combined with ethanol to include lipophilic sterols. Historically used as a functional food in East Asia, modern research (preclinical and small clinical trials) focuses on immune modulation (Dectin‑1/CR3/TLR pathways), adjunctive oncology support, glycemic and lipid effects, and microbiome modulation. Commercial US products vary widely in composition and quality; common supplemental doses range from <strong>500 mg to 3,000 mg/day</strong>, with many clinical pilot protocols using 1,000–2,000 mg/day. Safety profiles are generally favorable, with gastrointestinal upset and rare allergic reactions being the most reported adverse events. High‑quality, large randomized controlled trials are limited; consumers should choose third‑party tested products and consult clinicians when taking antidiabetic, immunosuppressant, anticoagulant, or chemotherapeutic drugs. This article is a comprehensive, evidence‑oriented encyclopedia‑level review covering chemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, clinical benefits, dosing, safety, interactions, product selection, and US‑specific regulatory context.

Maitake D-Fraktion

Grifola frondosa beta-glucan extract

<p><strong>Maitake D-Fraction is a proprietary, beta-(1→3)/(1→6)-glucan–rich proteoglucan extract from the edible mushroom <em>Grifola frondosa</em>, standardized to concentrate immunomodulatory polysaccharides rather than being a single chemical entity.</strong> This premium encyclopedic article provides a clinician-level, evidence-aware synthesis of what D-Fraction is, how it is made, its mechanisms (dectin‑1/CR3/TLR engagement), pharmacokinetics (gut mucosal uptake and microbiome-mediated metabolism), clinically reported benefits (immune support, adjunctive oncology use, modest metabolic effects), dosing ranges used in practice (typical concentrated-extract doses: <strong>250–1,500 mg/day</strong>; whole-mushroom powder: <strong>1–3 g/day</strong>), safety, contraindications (notably with organ transplant immunosuppressants and pregnancy), quality-selection criteria for US consumers (CoA, heavy-metal testing, third-party verification), and practical purchasing guidance in the US market. The article emphasizes the limits of human RCT evidence specifically for D‑Fraction, points to regulatory context under DSHEA in the United States, and recommends clinician supervision for high-risk patients.</p>

Agarikon-Pilz-Extrakt

Laricifomes officinalis

<p><strong>Agarikon (Laricifomes officinalis) is a perennial polypore fungus historically used for respiratory and antiseptic purposes; modern extracts are sold as immune-support supplements with typical commercial doses of <strong>250–1000 mg/day</strong>.</strong></p><p>This article is a comprehensive, science-focused encyclopedia entry describing agarikon's taxonomy, chemistry, traditional uses, extraction methods, expected pharmacokinetics, proposed molecular mechanisms, preclinical evidence, product forms, dosing practices used in the US nutraceutical market, safety, drug interaction concerns and practical guidance for clinicians and informed consumers. It emphasizes that high-quality human clinical trials are not available for agarikon as of mid-2024, and that most claims are supported only by in vitro, animal, phytochemical, or ethnobotanical data. Consumers and clinicians should prioritize authenticated products with third-party Certificates of Analysis (CoAs) and consult prescribers before combining agarikon with immunosuppressants, chemotherapy, anticoagulants, or antidiabetic drugs.</p>

Tremella-Pilz-Extrakt

Tremella fuciformis

Tremella mushroom extract (from Tremella fuciformis) is a water-soluble, mannose-rich heteropolysaccharide preparation used traditionally in East Asia for skin hydration and as a tonic. Modern nutraceutical and cosmetic products emphasize its high molecular-weight polysaccharides (Tremella polysaccharides, TFP/TSP) that form viscous, hyaluronic-acid-like gels, with typical industry oral doses of 250–1,000 mg/day and topical concentrations of 0.5–5%. Preclinical data support antioxidant, immunomodulatory, prebiotic, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects, but human clinical evidence is limited and largely cosmetic. This article provides an exhaustive, evidence-focused, consumer-clinician resource on identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, benefits, safety, drug interactions, dosing, quality selection and practical use in the US market.

Meshima-Pilz-Extrakt

Phellinus linteus

<p><strong>Meshima (Phellinus linteus) mushroom extract is a multi-component medicinal mushroom extract used traditionally in East Asia and today as a dietary supplement; typical commercial oral doses range <strong>250–1,000 mg/day</strong> depending on extract type.</strong> This premium, encyclopedia-level article synthesizes taxonomy, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, safety, optimal dosing practices, product-selection criteria for the US market, and pragmatic clinical guidance. It explains differences between hot-water (polysaccharide-rich), ethanol (phenolic-rich), dual extracts and whole-powder forms, and it summarizes the preclinical and limited clinical evidence supporting immune modulation, antioxidant/hepatoprotective effects, metabolic modulation, and adjunctive anticancer activity. The article clarifies contraindications (notably transplant/immunosuppressed patients), drug-interaction risks (warfarin, immunosuppressants, chemotherapy), and quality-control checks (DNA species authentication, Certificate of Analysis for polysaccharide/beta-glucan content, heavy metals and residual solvent testing). Where high-quality human randomized controlled trial (RCT) data or verified PMIDs/DOIs are required, this dossier states the current limitations and offers a verified literature retrieval option. Practical US-focused tips include preferred formulations (dual extracts standardized to beta-glucans plus a phenolic marker), price ranges, and retailer/certification guidance.

Agaricus Blazei-Pilz-Extrakt

Agaricus subrufescens

Agaricus blazei (scientifically Agaricus subrufescens) mushroom extract is a fruiting-body or mycelial-derived nutraceutical rich in beta-(1→3)/(1→6)-D-glucans and small molecules such as ergosterol and agaritine. Cultivated widely in Brazil and Japan since the 1970s and intensively studied from the 1990s onward, standardized hot-water extracts concentrate immunomodulatory polysaccharides and are commonly dosed between <strong>300–1,200 mg/day</strong> in clinical practice. This 2,000‑word premium, encyclopedia-level article synthesizes taxonomy, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, evidence-based benefits, dosing guidance, safety, drug interactions, product quality criteria for the US market, and practical consumer advice — presented with clinical nuance and regulatory context (FDA/DSHEA, NIH/ODS). Note: specific primary-study PMIDs/DOIs can be appended on request; this dossier follows current consensus up to mid-2024.

Poria Cocos-Extrakt

Wolfiporia extensa

Poria Cocos Extract (from the sclerotium of Wolfiporia extensa, historically Poria cocos) is a dual‑fraction medicinal fungal extract used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for millennia. Modern preparations are either hot‑water (polysaccharide‑rich) or ethanolic (triterpenoid‑rich) and are studied for immunomodulation, mild diuresis, calming/sleep support, anti‑inflammatory effects, hepatoprotection, metabolic modulation, and experimental anticancer activity. Polysaccharide fractions (often called pachymaran or Poria cocos polysaccharides) act primarily via gut‑immune and microbiome mechanisms and have low systemic absorption; triterpenoid lanostane derivatives (e.g., pachymic and poricoic acids) are lipophilic small molecules with limited oral bioavailability but demonstrable cellular bioactivity in preclinical models. Safety signals are generally mild (GI upset, rare allergic reactions); important cautions include immunosuppressant co‑use, anticoagulants, and pregnancy. This comprehensive, evidence‑focused guide synthesizes traditional use, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical aims, dosing heuristics for the US consumer market, and practical quality selection tips consistent with DSHEA oversight and common US retail pricing.

Enoki-Pilz-Extrakt

Flammulina velutipes

Enokitake mushroom extract (from Flammulina velutipes) is a multi-component botanical nutraceutical concentrated in water-soluble polysaccharides (notably β-(1→3)/(1→6)-glucans) and small-molecule antioxidants such as ergothioneine and sterols like ergosterol. Historically consumed as a food in East Asia for centuries, modern extracts are produced by hot-water, ethanol, or mixed extractions of fruiting bodies or mycelium and are marketed for immune support, antioxidant capacity, metabolic modulation, and gut microbiota benefits. Human randomized controlled trials specific to enokitake are limited; most mechanistic understanding derives from in vitro and animal work showing receptor-mediated immune activation (dectin-1, CR3, TLRs), OCTN1-mediated ergothioneine tissue uptake, and microbiota fermentation of polysaccharides to SCFAs. Typical consumer supplement doses in the US range from 250–1000 mg/day of standardized extract (polysaccharide-standardized products often provide 200–500 mg/day). Safety in adults at common supplement doses appears favorable; precautions apply for pregnant or breastfeeding persons, those on immunosuppressants, anticoagulants, or hypoglycemic drugs. For primary literature, consult PubMed searches (e.g., 'Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide', 'ergothioneine mushrooms') and regulatory guidance from FDA (DSHEA) and NIH/ODS.

Kräuterseitling-Extrakt

Pleurotus eryngii

King Trumpet Mushroom Extract (Pleurotus eryngii) is a polysaccharide- and ergothioneine-rich nutraceutical derived from the fruiting bodies or mycelium of the king oyster mushroom. Widely used in culinary traditions, P. eryngii extracts have attracted preclinical research interest for immune modulation, antioxidant activity (ergothioneine), lipid and glycemic modulation, and gut-microbiome effects. Commercial extract doses typically range from <strong>300–1,500 mg/day</strong> for concentrated preparations and up to several grams per day for unstandardized hot-water extracts. High-quality human randomized controlled trial evidence specific to P. eryngii extract is limited as of the knowledge cutoff; most mechanistic and efficacy data derive from in vitro and animal studies or from compositional analyses of mushroom polysaccharides and ergothioneine. This article provides an encyclopedic, evidence-aware, clinically oriented review of identification, chemistry, mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, practical dosing guidance, safety, drug interactions, product-quality criteria for the US market, and action steps for clinicians and consumers. If you want verified peer-reviewed citations (PMIDs/DOIs) and study-level summaries (2020–2026), reply with "FETCH CITATIONS" and I will retrieve validated references.

Austernpilz-Extrakt

Pleurotus ostreatus

Oyster mushroom extract (Pleurotus ostreatus) is a culinary mushroom turned nutraceutical, rich in 1,3/1,6-β-glucans (commercially standardized as “pleuran”), the antioxidant ergothioneine, and fungal sterols such as ergosterol. Standardized beta-glucan doses used in clinical practice typically range from <strong>100–500 mg/day</strong> of pleuran, while whole-extract powder regimens commonly range <strong>500–3,000 mg/day</strong>. This article is a complete, evidence-focused, clinically oriented encyclopedia entry designed for US healthcare professionals and educated consumers: it covers chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, 8+ science-backed benefits, dosing, safety, drug interactions, product selection, and regulatory context under DSHEA and FDA guidance. Note: I present comprehensive mechanistic and regulatory detail based on curated preclinical and translational literature available in my training data; however, I cannot fabricate or invent PubMed IDs/DOIs. Where exact, citable human trial identifiers are required, I note that a focused live literature retrieval (PubMed/DOI search) is needed and I can provide those references if you authorize internet-enabled retrieval.

Reishi-Pilz-Sporenöl

Ganoderma lucidum spore oil

Reishi mushroom spore oil is a concentrated, lipophilic extract from the reproductive spores of Ganoderma (Lingzhi/Reishi) mushrooms, enriched in lanostane-type triterpenoids, sterols such as ergosterol, and fatty acids. Sold in oil-filled softgels or microencapsulated powders, it is promoted for immune modulation, anti-inflammatory effects, hepatoprotection and supportive adjunctive use in oncology. Clinical evidence for pure spore oil in humans is limited and heterogeneous; most mechanistic data come from in vitro and animal studies demonstrating inhibition of NF-κB and modulation of MAPK/PI3K–Akt pathways. Typical consumer doses range from <strong>100 mg</strong> to <strong>1,200 mg/day</strong> of oil-equivalent depending on standardization. Important safety notes: avoid in pregnancy/breastfeeding, use caution with anticoagulants, immunosuppressants and drugs metabolized by CYP3A4. This guide summarizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, benefits, dosing, interactions, quality criteria and practical US-focused advice — with transparency about the current limits of human clinical trial evidence and the need for verified PubMed citations for specific studies.

Roter Reishi-Pilz-Extrakt

Ganoderma lucidum (red variety)

Red Reishi Mushroom Extract (Ganoderma lucidum, red variety) is a multi-constituent medicinal mushroom extract standardized for polysaccharides (beta‑glucans) and lanostane-type triterpenoids (ganoderic acids). Used for millennia in East Asia for vitality and longevity, modern formulations use hot‑water, ethanolic or dual extraction to concentrate immune‑active beta‑glucans and anti‑inflammatory triterpenes. Contemporary preclinical and clinical evidence (animal models, in vitro mechanistic studies, and small human RCTs) supports immunomodulatory, anti‑inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and fatigue‑reducing effects; however, high‑quality, large-scale human trials remain limited and product standardization is variable. Typical supplement dosing ranges from 300 mg/day (standardized dual extract) to 1,000–3,000 mg/day (polysaccharide-rich hot‑water extract) with common treatment intervals of 8–12 weeks. Key safety concerns: possible interactions with anticoagulants, antidiabetic agents, immunosuppressants and CYP‑metabolized drugs; avoid during pregnancy/lactation unless advised by a clinician. Choose third‑party tested, species‑verified, standardized products (beta‑glucan % and/or ganoderic acid equivalents) and consult your healthcare provider for chronic disease or prescription medication use.

Schwarzer Reishi-Pilz-Extrakt

Ganoderma sinense

Black Reishi Mushroom Extract (derived from Ganoderma sinense, commonly called Black Reishi or Hei Lingzhi) is a standardized nutraceutical concentrate of triterpenoids and polysaccharides used for immune modulation, mild anti-inflammatory effects, and adaptogenic support. Traditional East Asian use exceeds <strong>2,000 years</strong>, and modern commercial extracts combine hot-water polysaccharide fractions with ethanol-extracted triterpenoids to deliver standardized marker compounds. Clinical evidence consists of small randomized trials, pilot human studies, and multiple preclinical mechanistic studies; however, comprehensive large-scale Phase 3 trials are lacking. Safety data in humans indicate low incidence of mild gastrointestinal and dermatologic adverse events at typical supplemental doses, while pharmacokinetic characterization in humans remains limited. Consumers in the US choose products standardized to polysaccharide content (e.g., <strong>10–30% polysaccharides</strong>) or triterpenoid content (e.g., <strong>2–8% total triterpenes</strong>). Note: detailed PubMed/DOI citations and exact PMIDs for 2020–2026 studies are not provided in this report because live web access was not granted; clinical references and specific numeric trial PMIDs can be furnished on request.

Löwenmähne-Pilz-Pulver

Hericium erinaceus (whole fruiting body)

Lion's Mane Mushroom Powder (Hericium erinaceus whole fruiting-body powder) is a culinary and medicinal mushroom increasingly used as a dietary supplement for cognitive support, mood modulation, nerve repair, and immune health. Whole-fruiting-body powders contain polysaccharides (notably branched beta-glucans) and low-abundance aromatic and diterpenoid small molecules (hericenones, erinacines). Typical consumer dosing ranges from <strong>1,000–3,000 mg/day</strong> for cognitive aims; dual-extract products (hot-water + alcohol) are often recommended to capture both polysaccharide and lipophilic neurotrophic fractions. Robust preclinical evidence supports induction of nerve growth factor (NGF) and antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effects, but high-quality large human randomized controlled trials are limited. This guide delivers an exhaustive, evidence-focused, clinically oriented encyclopedia entry suitable for clinicians, researchers and informed consumers in the US market.

Chaga-Pilz-Pulver

Inonotus obliquus (whole sclerotium)

Chaga mushroom powder (Inonotus obliquus sclerotium) is a traditional northern-hemisphere medicinal fungus sold as whole powdered sclerotia or as hot‑water, ethanolic, dual, or CO2 extracts. Modern products primarily target immune support, antioxidant activity, and anti‑inflammatory pathways; common supplement dosing in the US ranges from <strong>500 mg to 3,000 mg/day</strong> depending on formulation. Clinical human evidence is limited and heterogeneous because activity is extraction-dependent (polysaccharide-rich hot-water extracts vs. triterpenoid-rich ethanolic extracts). This comprehensive, science-focused guide summarizes identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics by constituent class, mechanisms, practical dosing, safety, drug interactions, quality selection for the US market, and recommended next steps to obtain verified PubMed citations for claim substantiation.

Turkey Tail PSK-Extrakt

Trametes versicolor polysaccharide K

Turkey Tail PSK Extract (Polysaccharide K; Krestin®) is a standardized protein–polysaccharide fraction derived from the fruiting body of the fungus Trametes versicolor. Clinically used in Japan as an adjuvant in oncology, PSK is administered typically at about <strong>3,000 mg/day</strong> in trials and exerts immunomodulatory effects via pattern-recognition receptors (TLRs, dectin-1), dendritic cell activation, and NK/T-cell enhancement. PSK is a macromolecular complex (apparent molecular mass ≈ <strong>50–200 kDa</strong>) that primarily acts at the gut-associated lymphoid tissue and through microbiome-mediated metabolites rather than via classical small-molecule pharmacokinetics. This encyclopedia-level guide synthesizes biochemical identity, mechanistic biology, clinical contexts, dosing, safety, drug interactions, product selection, and practical consumer guidance for the US market, and indicates where primary-study PMIDs/DOIs are needed and how to obtain them.

Turkey Tail PSP-Extrakt

Trametes versicolor polysaccharopeptide

Turkey Tail PSP Extract is a hot-water–derived, protein-bound polysaccharide (PSP) from the fruiting body of the medicinal mushroom Trametes versicolor. Standardized PSP extracts contain high-molecular-weight β-(1→3),(1→6)-glucans covalently associated with peptide moieties; they are used as oral immunomodulatory nutraceuticals and as adjunctive agents in oncology in East Asia. Typical consumer doses range from <strong>500 mg to 3,000 mg/day</strong>. Mechanistically, PSP acts on pattern-recognition receptors (dectin-1, TLR2/TLR4, and CR3), activates macrophages, dendritic cells and NK cells, and modulates Th1-type cytokines (IL-12, IFN-γ). Systemic bioavailability of intact PSP is very low; functional effects derive from gut-associated lymphoid tissue interactions and microbiome-mediated metabolites. Safety is generally favorable but contraindicated with organ-transplant immunosuppression and used cautiously with immune checkpoint inhibitors. This premium, evidence-focused encyclopedia article provides taxonomy, chemistry, pharmacology, dosing, safety, drug interactions, product-selection guidance for the US market (GMP/NSF/ConsumerLab considerations), and practical consumer recommendations. Note: I can append verified PubMed IDs and DOIs for all cited clinical studies on request.

Antrodia Camphorata-Extrakt

Antrodia cinnamomea

Antrodia camphorata extract (also marketed as Antrodia cinnamomea, Niu-chang-chih) is a wood‑decay medicinal fungus endemic to Taiwan whose wild fruiting bodies and cultivated mycelium are used in supplements. Modern research (since the 1990s) has isolated >100 unique ergostane/lanostane-type triterpenoids and polysaccharides from Antrodia species; preclinical studies show reproducible hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti‑inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anticancer actions in cell and animal models. Human randomized controlled trials are sparse and small; common commercial dosing ranges from 250–1,000 mg/day of standardized extract. This article is a comprehensive, evidence‑focused encyclopedia entry that explains taxonomy, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, eight science‑backed benefits, dosing, drug interactions, safety, product selection for the US market, and practical consumer guidance. Note: live PubMed verification (PMIDs/DOIs) is not available in this environment; researchers and clinicians should confirm primary-source citations via PubMed using the suggested search strings provided in the text.

Phellinus Igniarius-Extrakt

Phellinus igniarius

Phellinus igniarius extract is a niche medicinal mushroom extract derived from the perennial bracket fungus Phellinus igniarius. Typical commercially used extracts are prepared by hot-water (polysaccharide-enriched) or ethanol (phenolic-enriched) extraction and are marketed in the US as dietary supplements in doses typically ranging from 300–1,500 mg/day. Preclinical research (in vitro and animal models) supports antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial and antitumor actions driven by high-molecular-weight polysaccharides (β-glucans and heteropolysaccharides) and low-molecular-weight phenolics (hispidin/hispolon-type styrylpyrone compounds). Human clinical evidence is extremely limited; no FDA-approved therapeutic indications exist and no NIH/ODS dosing recommendations are established. Consumers should seek standardized products with third-party Certificates of Analysis and consult clinicians before use, especially if taking anticoagulants, immunosuppressants, antidiabetics, or undergoing chemotherapy.

Hericenone-Extrakt

Hericium erinaceus hericenones

Hericenones extract is a family of aromatic meroterpenoids isolated from the fruiting body of the medicinal mushroom Hericium erinaceus (lion's mane) first described in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These small benzylated cyclopentenone derivatives (commonly labeled hericenone A–K) have been shown in multiple in vitro and animal studies to increase nerve growth factor (NGF) production and to promote neurite outgrowth; however, there are no robust human randomized controlled trials of purified hericenones as of 2026. Commercial products typically sell fruiting-body extracts enriched for total hericenone content (dosages commonly range from 200–1,000 mg extract/day). This article is a comprehensive, evidence-framed encyclopedia entry synthesizing chemical identity, preclinical mechanisms (NGF upregulation, MAPK/ERK pathways), plausible pharmacokinetics, safety considerations, drug-interaction precautions, product selection criteria for the US market, practical usage tips, and knowledge gaps requiring further human pharmacology and clinical trials.

Erinacine-Extrakt

Hericium erinaceus erinacines

Erinacines are a family of cyathane-type diterpenoids isolated predominantly from the cultured mycelium of the medicinal mushroom Hericium erinaceus (lion’s mane). Erinacine A is the best-studied homologue and has robust preclinical evidence for stimulating nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis, promoting neurite outgrowth, and providing neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects in vitro and in animal models. Commercial products typically use mycelial extracts standardized to erinacine content and sell at doses ranging from ~200–1,000 mg/day of extract; purified erinacine-A for human pharmacology is limited. Human clinical data specifically on erinacine-rich extracts are sparse and mostly indirect (many human trials used fruiting-body hericenone preparations rather than mycelial erinacines). This article is an exhaustive, science-focused encyclopedia entry covering identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, preclinical and limited clinical evidence, dosing guidance used by manufacturers, safety/interaction cautions, quality-selection criteria for the US market, and practical consumer recommendations.

Beta-Glucan Pilz-Komplex

Mixed mushroom beta-1,3/1,6-glucans

Beta‑Glucan Mushroom Complex is a concentrated class of fungal polysaccharides — primarily (1→3),(1→6)-β-D-glucans — used as dietary supplements for immune support, respiratory‑infection resilience, and adjunctive wellness. Typical nutraceutical dosing ranges from <strong>250–500 mg/day</strong> of standardized β‑glucan content (or 1–3 g/day of whole‑mushroom extract depending on standardization). This encyclopedia-level guide summarizes chemistry, mechanisms (Dectin‑1, CR3, Syk → CARD9 → NF‑κB), pharmacokinetics (gut mucosal sampling, microbiota depolymerization), clinical uses, dosing, safety, drug interactions, quality criteria and practical selection for the US market. Note: this document synthesizes a comprehensive primary-source dataset supplied by the user; specific PubMed/DOI citations requested by some readers (2020–2026) are not embedded here — see the research limitations section in the main article for details and options to retrieve verifiable study identifiers.

10 Pilze Mischung

Multi-species mushroom complex

Ten-mushroom blends are multi-species dietary supplements combining fruiting-body and/or mycelial extracts of 10 medicinal fungi (commonly Ganoderma, Hericium, Cordyceps, Inonotus, Trametes, Lentinula, Grifola, Pleurotus, Flammulina, Agaricus). These products are formulated as hot-water, alcohol, or dual extracts and commonly dosed between 1,000–3,000 mg/day in the US market. Evidence for specific benefits is species- and extract-dependent: robust clinical data exist for isolated agents used as oncology adjuncts (e.g., PSK, lentinan) while multi-species blends show promising preclinical and limited clinical signals for immune modulation, cognitive support, and metabolic effects. Quality control—fruiting-body verification, beta-glucan standardization, heavy-metal and microbial testing, and third-party COAs—is essential when selecting a product in the US. This premium encyclopedia entry synthesizes identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, practical dosing guidance, safety, drug interactions, and practical shopping criteria for US consumers and clinicians.

7 Pilze Immununterstützung

Seven mushroom species blend

7 Mushroom Immune Support is a multi‑species medicinal mushroom nutraceutical combining standardized extracts from seven widely used fungi — Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi), Lentinula edodes (Shiitake), Grifola frondosa (Maitake), Trametes versicolor (Turkey tail), Inonotus obliquus (Chaga), Cordyceps spp., and Hericium erinaceus (Lion’s mane). This premium encyclopedic guide synthesizes mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, evidence‑based benefits, dosing guidance, safety, drug interactions, and US market quality standards. The formulation targets innate immune activation via beta‑glucan pattern recognition (Dectin‑1, CR3, TLRs), while small molecules (cordycepin, ganoderic acids, hericenones/erinacines) provide complementary antiviral, anti‑inflammatory, metabolic and neurotrophic activities. Typical consumer dosing ranges from 1,000–3,000 mg/day of combined extract (hot‑water or dual extract), with recommended trial periods of 4–12 weeks for measurable immune and cognitive outcomes. Key safety notes: avoid unsupervised use in organ transplant recipients and coordinate with clinicians when on immunosuppressants, anticoagulants, or antidiabetic therapy. NOTE: this article is produced using the provided primary source dataset; for direct PubMed/DOI citations (2020–2026) please allow a live literature retrieval — see the 'Current Research' section for required next steps.

AHCC (Aktive Hexose Korrelierte Verbindung)

Lentinula edodes mycelia extract

AHCC (Active Hexose Correlated Compound) is a proprietary, standardized mycelial extract derived from Lentinula edodes (shiitake) mycelia that is enriched in low‑molecular‑weight partially acetylated alpha‑glucan oligosaccharides (predominant fraction <5 kDa). First developed in Japan in the 1980s and commercialized by Amino Up Chemical Co., Ltd., AHCC is marketed in the US as a dietary supplement for immune support and as a complementary adjunct in oncology and vaccine settings. Clinical studies and decades of preclinical work report consistent immunologic effects — notably increased natural killer (NK) cell activity, modulation of IL‑12/IFN‑γ cytokine responses, and enhanced dendritic cell maturation — but high‑quality, large randomized controlled trials with hard clinical endpoints remain limited. Typical dosing used in trials and commercial products ranges from 500 mg to 3,000 mg daily, often 1,000–3,000 mg/day for clinical adjunctive protocols. AHCC is generally well tolerated; common adverse events are mild gastrointestinal symptoms (<10% in small trials) and infrequent skin reactions. This article is a comprehensive, science‑oriented, US‑focused encyclopedia guide to AHCC: chemistry, mechanisms, PK considerations, evidence for eight+ clinical benefits, dosing, safety, drug interactions, contraindications, product selection, and practical tips for consumers and clinicians. For a citation‑grade bibliography (PubMed IDs/DOIs) for the clinical studies referenced, request a targeted literature retrieval.

Lentinan-Extrakt

Lentinula edodes beta-glucan

Lentinan extract is a high–molecular-weight, branched β-(1→3)(1→6)-D-glucan isolated from the shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes). Discovered in 1969, lentinan is best known as a parenteral immunomodulator used in Japan as an adjunct to cancer therapy and as an oral nutraceutical ingredient in global mushroom supplements. This encyclopedia-level guide synthesizes chemical identity, production methods, receptor biology (Dectin-1, CR3), pharmacokinetics differences between intravenous and oral forms, mechanisms (Syk→CARD9→NF-κB), clinical benefits (adjunctive oncology, immune support, vaccine-adjuvant potential), dosing ranges (common oral: <strong>100–300 mg/day</strong>; injectable oncology regimens historically used <strong>~1 mg IV per administration</strong>), safety, contraindications, drug interactions (notably immunosuppressants and checkpoint inhibitors), and practical US-market quality criteria (GMP, third-party testing: USP/NSF/ConsumerLab). The article explains what is known from mechanistic and regional clinical literature, highlights regulatory distinctions under US DSHEA and drug/biologic pathways, and lists practical selection and usage tips for US consumers and clinicians. Note: detailed primary-study PubMed IDs/DOIs and 2020–2026 trial annotations are available on request and can be appended after targeted PubMed retrieval.

Cordyceps CS-4-Extrakt

Paecilomyces hepiali

Cordyceps CS‑4 Extract is a standardized, cultivated mycelial nutraceutical derived from the Paecilomyces hepiali (CS‑4) strain and manufactured by submerged or solid‑state fermentation. Commercial formulations typically provide between <strong>300–1,000 mg/day</strong> of standardized extract and are used for energy, endurance, immune modulation and respiratory support. Scientific evidence is strongest at the preclinical level (cell and animal studies) and from heterogeneous human trials of Cordyceps‑type extracts; high‑quality, CS‑4‑specific randomized controlled trials are limited. This premium, evidence‑focused guide summarizes identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical claims, dosing guidance for U.S. consumers, safety, drug interactions, quality selection criteria and practical tips — synthesizing regulatory context (FDA/DSHEA, NIH/ODS) with up‑to‑date manufacturing and analytic considerations for clinicians, researchers and informed consumers.

Blazei Pilz ABMK-Extrakt

Agaricus blazei Murill Kyowa

Blazei Mushroom ABMK Extract is a standardized nutraceutical prepared from the fruiting bodies or mycelium of Agaricus blazei (also cited as Agaricus subrufescens / A. brasiliensis). Modern ABMK extracts are concentrated hot-water or mixed extracts standardized to polysaccharide (β-glucan) content and marketed for immune support, antioxidant/hepatoprotective effects, and complementary oncology support. Typical consumer doses range from <strong>250–1,500 mg/day</strong>, with many manufacturers recommending <strong>500–1,000 mg/day</strong>. Evidence is strongest at the preclinical level (cellular and animal models) demonstrating dectin-1/CR3-mediated innate immune activation; high-quality large randomized controlled trials in humans remain limited and heterogeneous. Safety data indicate generally good tolerability at customary supplemental doses but raise theoretical concerns about agaritine (a hydrazine derivative present in Agaricus species) and potential interactions with immunosuppressive or antithrombotic therapies. In the U.S. marketplace ABMK products are sold as dietary supplements under DSHEA; consumers should choose third-party tested, standardized extracts with Certificates of Analysis (CoAs).