Proteins

Whey-Protein-Isolat

Lactalbumin isolate

Whey Protein Isolate (WPI) is a high-purity dairy-derived protein powder containing ≥90% protein (dry basis) produced by microfiltration, ion exchange or ultrafiltration of bovine whey. Rapidly digested and rich in essential amino acids—especially leucine—WPI elevates plasma amino acids within <60–90 minutes and robustly stimulates muscle protein synthesis via mTORC1 signalling. Clinically, WPI supports muscle recovery, preserves lean mass during caloric restriction, improves postprandial glycemia when taken with carbohydrate, and supplies cysteine precursors for glutathione synthesis. Typical supplemental dosing ranges from 20–40 g per serving, with targeted protocols for older adults (25–40 g/meal) and athletes (20–40 g post-exercise). WPI is generally safe in healthy adults but contraindicated in IgE-mediated cow’s milk allergy and used cautiously in advanced renal disease. For US consumers, choose third-party–tested products (NSF Certified for Sport, Informed-Sport, ConsumerLab) and verify a Certificate of Analysis (COA). This article is a comprehensive, evidence-oriented medical encyclopedia entry covering chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, benefits (with evidence summaries), dosing, safety, drug interactions, market guidance and practical tips.

Whey-Protein-Konzentrat

Lactalbumin concentrate

<p><strong>Whey Protein Concentrate (WPC) supplies a high-quality animal protein delivering up to <strong>80% protein by weight</strong> in concentrated grades and remains one of the richest dietary sources of the branched-chain amino acid leucine — the key trigger for muscle protein synthesis.</strong> This premium, encyclopedia-level summary explains what WPC is, how it is made, how it behaves in the body, and the clinical evidence for its effects on muscle, weight management, cardiometabolic health, bone and immune function. It covers chemistry, pharmacokinetics, dosing (including per-meal and per-day g/kg targets), practical timing strategies for sports and aging, interactions with common drugs (tetracyclines, levodopa, bisphosphonates), contraindications and safety, plus U.S.-specific guidance on quality, third-party testing (NSF, USP, Informed-Sport), and retail trends. Designed for clinicians, nutrition scientists and informed consumers in the U.S., this piece highlights concrete numbers, evidence levels, and practical selection tips for WPC products on the American market.

Whey-Protein-Hydrolysat

Hydrolyzed lactalbumin

Whey Protein Hydrolysate (WPH) is a pre-digested, enzymatically hydrolyzed form of bovine whey protein engineered for rapid absorption, fast aminoacidemia, and improved tolerance in clinical and sports settings. Commercial WPH is produced from whey protein concentrate or isolate using food-grade proteases (e.g., alcalase, trypsin, pepsin) to cleave native whey proteins into small peptides and free amino acids; the degree of hydrolysis (DH) defines peptide-size distribution, bitterness, and functional properties. Typical uses include post-exercise recovery (20–40 g servings), clinical enteral nutrition for malabsorptive states, and select hypoallergenic infant formulas. WPH produces peak plasma essential amino acids within approximately <strong>20–60 minutes</strong> versus ~60–120 minutes for intact whey isolate, enabling a rapid anabolic stimulus driven by leucine-mediated activation of mTORC1. Safety is generally favorable; common adverse effects are gastrointestinal and occasional taste complaints. Important caveats: hydrolysis reduces but does not abolish allergenicity in all products; product quality, DH, peptide profile, and third-party testing (NSF/USP/ConsumerLab) determine clinical applicability. This article is a comprehensive, evidence-focused encyclopedia-level review of WPH for US clinicians, researchers, and informed consumers.

Mizellares Casein

Micellar casein protein

Micellar casein is the slow-digesting major milk protein used as an anti-catabolic, nocturnal and recovery protein supplement; it supplies sustained amino acid delivery for up to 6–8 hours and is widely used in sports nutrition and clinical settings for preserving lean mass.

Casein-Hydrolysat

Hydrolyzed casein

Casein hydrolysate is a manufactured mixture of peptides produced by enzymatic or chemical breakdown of bovine casein that provides rapidly absorbable amino acids and bioactive peptides (notably IPP/VPP and alpha-casozepine fractions). It is used clinically in extensively hydrolyzed infant formulas for cow's milk protein allergy, in sports nutrition for faster amino-acid delivery, and as a nutraceutical source of ACE-inhibitory and anxiolytic peptides. Unlike single-molecule drugs, casein hydrolysate is a variable peptide mixture; clinical effects depend on degree of hydrolysis, peptide profile, and dose. There is high-level evidence for its nutritional role and for use of extensively hydrolyzed formulas in cow's milk protein allergy. Evidence for modest blood-pressure lowering by lactotripeptides is moderate and heterogeneous; evidence for anxiolytic effects of alpha-casozepine–enriched fractions is preliminary. No single FDA/NIH daily value exists; typical supplemental servings supply 10–30 g protein, while peptide-enriched products deliver milligram-range active peptides. Consult clinicians for infant use, allergy evaluation, and if taking antihypertensives or levodopa.

Erbsenprotein-Isolat

Pisum sativum protein isolate

Pea Protein Isolate (Pisum sativum protein isolate) is a plant-derived protein powder (typically ≥80% protein) composed mainly of legumin (11S) and vicilin (7S) storage proteins. It is a hypoallergenic, vegan alternative to whey and soy used in sports nutrition, clinical formulations, and plant-based foods. Pea protein isolate provides essential amino acids including branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and activates anabolic signaling (mTORC1) when leucine is adequate; typical supplemental servings are 20–40 g. This premium encyclopedia entry synthesizes compositional chemistry, production methods, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, evidence-based benefits, dosing guidance, safety, drug interactions, quality selection for the US market, and practical consumer tips — derived from authoritative biochemical and nutrition sources and a comprehensive internal dataset. Note: specific PubMed/DOI identifiers for 2020–2026 primary trials are not embedded here because live literature lookup was not available; a recommended search strategy and study descriptors are provided in the research section for verification.

Reisprotein

Oryza sativa protein

Brown rice protein (rice protein isolate/concentrate) is a plant-derived protein ingredient extracted from Oryza sativa whole grain (brown rice) and used as a hypoallergenic, vegan protein supplement. Typical isolates contain approximately <strong>70–90% protein by weight</strong>, are low in common allergens, and have a characteristic amino-acid profile with <strong>lysine as the commonly limiting amino acid</strong>. Rice protein is digested to amino acids and small peptides absorbed in the small intestine; hydrolysates increase early plasma amino-acid appearance. It is widely used in sports nutrition, clinical hypoallergenic formulations, and plant-based diets. Product selection in the US should prioritize third-party testing (NSF/USP/ConsumerLab), heavy-metal/arsenic reports, and declared amino-acid profiles. Note: for the most recent randomized controlled trials (2020–2026) and exact PubMed IDs/DOIs, I can run a live literature retrieval on request to append verifiable citations.

Hanfprotein

Cannabis sativa seed protein

Hemp protein is a plant-derived protein ingredient made from the de‑hulled and processed seeds of Cannabis sativa L. (industrial hemp). Rich in the legumin-like globulin edestin and albumin fractions, hemp protein powders (concentrates, isolates, and hydrolysates) supply essential and non-essential amino acids, are naturally high in arginine, and provide food‑grade functional properties for emulsification and texture. Post‑2018 regulatory changes in the United States enabled rapid market growth; quality control (Δ9‑THC testing, heavy metals, microbial panels, and third‑party Certificates of Analysis) is essential. Typical supplement dosing is 20–40 g per serving (providing ~10–30 g protein depending on concentrate vs isolate). Hemp protein supports general protein nutrition, contributes arginine for endothelial NO production, and can be blended with lysine‑rich plant proteins (pea, rice) to improve DIAAS/PDCAAS. Safety is generally good at customary doses, with occasional gastrointestinal effects and rare allergy reports; avoid products with detectable cannabinoids if taking CYP‑sensitive medications. This article is a comprehensive, evidence‑focused reference for clinicians, formulators, and informed consumers in the US market.

Sojaprotein-Isolat

Glycine max protein isolate

Soy Protein Isolate (SPI) is a highly concentrated plant protein ingredient derived from defatted soybean (Glycine max) and standardized to ≈85–95% protein (typical commercial isolates ≥90% protein dry basis). Used widely in protein powders, bars, textured meat analogs and RTD beverages, SPI supplies a complete essential amino acid profile among plant proteins and is a cost‑effective option for vegetarian and vegan nutrition. Clinical evidence supports its role as a substrate for muscle protein synthesis (especially when combined with resistance exercise), modest LDL‑cholesterol lowering when replacing animal proteins (commonly studied at ~25 g/day), and acute improvements in satiety and postprandial glycemia. Bioavailability metrics place soy isolates in the high‑quality plant‑protein range (PDCAAS ≈0.91–1.00; DIAAS estimates ~0.82–0.98). Safety is generally favorable but contraindications include IgE‑mediated soy allergy and caution with levothyroxine absorption and high‑dose isoflavone supplements in hormone‑sensitive conditions. This article is a professional, evidence‑oriented encyclopedia entry for U.S. clinicians, nutritionists and informed consumers summarizing chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical benefits, dosing, interactions and selection criteria for the U.S. market.

Kollagenpeptide

Hydrolyzed collagen

Collagen peptides (also called hydrolyzed collagen or collagen hydrolysate) are low–molecular-weight oligopeptides derived from enzymatic breakdown of animal-sourced collagen. Used as a dietary supplement, typical doses range from 2.5–15 g/day depending on intended benefit (skin, joints, bone, muscle). Randomized clinical trials report measurable improvements in skin elasticity within 8–12 weeks and modest reductions in osteoarthritis pain by 8–12 weeks for some formulations. Collagen peptides supply collagen-specific amino acids (glycine, proline, hydroxyproline), are absorbed as di-/tripeptides (e.g., Pro-Hyp detectable in plasma within 1–3 hours), and may signal dermal fibroblasts and chondrocytes to increase extracellular matrix synthesis. Safety profile is favorable; main adverse events are mild GI complaints and rare allergic reactions tied to source species. This article is a comprehensive, evidence-oriented encyclopedia entry for clinicians, nutritionists, and informed consumers in the US market.

Rinderkollagen Typ I & III

Bovine collagen types I and III

Bovine Collagen Type I & III are fibrillar structural proteins extracted predominantly from bovine dermis and tendon and provided as hydrolyzed peptides for nutraceutical use. This premium, evidence-focused guide summarizes biochemical identity, manufacturing, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, clinical benefits (skin, joint, bone, tendon, muscle, wound healing, nails/hair, gut), dosing (typical: 2.5–15 g/day), formulation choice, synergies (notably vitamin C), safety, drug interactions, quality markers for US buyers, and practical tips. The article highlights expected onset times (commonly 4–12 weeks for skin and joint endpoints), typical clinical effect sizes reported in randomized trials, and recommended quality checks (BSE/TSE sourcing, third‑party COA, microbial/heavy metal testing). For clinicians and educated consumers seeking a rigorous synthesis of current nutraceutical evidence, this guide provides actionable recommendations for selection and use in the US market.

Marines Kollagen

Fish collagen peptides

Hühnerkollagen Typ II

Chicken sternum collagen type II

Chicken Collagen Type II (undenatured, avian-sourced) is a low-dose (commonly <strong>20–40 mg/day</strong>) nutraceutical derived from chicken sternum cartilage that aims to modulate joint-directed immune responses via oral-tolerance mechanisms rather than act as a bulk nutritional collagen source. This premium encyclopedia entry synthesizes biochemical identity, extraction and manufacturing notes, pharmacokinetics (mucosal immune uptake vs peptide absorption), mechanisms (Peyer's patch antigen presentation → FoxP3+ Treg induction → decreased IL‑1β/TNF‑α and MMP activity), clinical indications (knee osteoarthritis symptom relief, improved function, potential NSAID-sparing), dosing protocols, forms and quality criteria for US consumers, safety/contraindications, drug-interaction considerations, and a roadmap for clinicians and consumers. The article highlights that the clinical evidence base largely uses proprietary undenatured extracts (commonly marketed as UC-II®) at 40 mg daily with symptomatic onset usually reported between <strong>4 and 12 weeks</strong>. Note: this offline article provides mechanistic and clinical synthesis but does not include live-verified PMIDs/DOIs; see the limitations section and request an internet-enabled retrieval for full primary citations.

Eiweißprotein

Albumin protein

Egg white protein (albumen-derived protein) is a high-biological-value, lactose-free animal protein source widely used in sports nutrition, clinical feeding, and food manufacturing. Composed primarily of ovalbumin (~54% of egg-white protein) plus ovotransferrin, lysozyme, ovomucoid and other globular proteins, egg white protein provides all essential amino acids and a leucine-rich stimulus for muscle protein synthesis. Commercial forms include spray-dried albumen powder, isolates/concentrates, and enzymatic hydrolysates that differ in digestion kinetics and functionality. Egg white protein is a practical alternative to dairy-derived proteins for people with lactose intolerance, a useful tool in weight-management diets due to high satiety per calorie, and a candidate source of bioactive peptides (e.g., ACE-inhibitory fragments) being investigated for modest blood-pressure effects. Safety considerations center on egg allergy, microbiological risk from raw eggs, and vigilance for renal compromise in rare high-protein extremes. This premium, encyclopedia-level guide synthesizes biochemistry, pharmacokinetics, clinical applications, dosing strategies, safety, US regulatory context (FDA, NIH/ODS), product-selection criteria, and practical tips for consumers and clinicians.

Kürbiskernprotein

Cucurbita pepo seed protein

Pumpkin seed protein (PSP) is a defatted seed-derived plant protein concentrate/ isolate obtained from Cucurbita species; it typically contains <strong>45–90% protein</strong> depending on form (meal → concentrate → isolate) and is an arginine-rich, upcycled ingredient used for food formulation and dietary supplementation. This encyclopedia‑level review explains origin, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, eight evidence‑graded clinical benefits, dosing guidance (common supplemental range <strong>10–40 g/day</strong>), safety, drug interactions, product selection for the US market (FDA/DSHEA context, third‑party testing), and practical tips for clinicians, formulators and consumers.

Sonnenblumenkernprotein

Helianthus annuus seed protein

Sunflower Seed Protein (Helianthus annuus seed protein) is a high-quality plant protein ingredient derived from oilseed meal and available as concentrates, isolates, textured protein, and enzymatic hydrolysates. This premium, evidence-focused encyclopedic article synthesizes biochemical identity, production methods, physicochemical and functional properties, human pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, clinically relevant benefits, safety, drug interactions, dosing guidance for US consumers, quality-selection criteria (FDA/DSHEA context), and practical product-use tips. The article is based primarily on the supplied, authoritative research dossier and describes where and how validated clinical citations (PubMed/DOI) can be appended on request. Ideal for formulators, clinicians, dietitians, and educated consumers seeking a complete, science-first reference on sunflower seed protein for the US market.

Sacha-Inchi-Protein

Plukenetia volubilis protein

Sacha inchi protein is a plant-derived seed protein isolate from the defatted seeds of Plukenetia volubilis that provides a high-quality amino acid profile (notably arginine and branched-chain amino acids), combines sustainably with ALA-rich oil in the whole seed, and is positioned as a non-soy, non-dairy alternative for athletes, vegetarians, and formulation engineers. Typical supplemental servings deliver <strong>10–40 g protein per serving</strong> depending on concentrate/isolate form; isolates concentrate to ~<strong>70–90% protein</strong>. Clinical evidence for isolated sacha inchi protein in humans is limited (most data are compositional, in vitro, or from small trials on seeds/oil). This article provides an exhaustive, evidence-informed, practical guide for US clinicians, formulators, and consumers and identifies knowledge gaps and regulatory considerations (FDA/DSHEA) requiring primary literature retrieval for final verification.

Pflanzliche Proteinmischung

Multi-source plant protein complex

Mixed Plant Protein Blends are multi-source powdered protein formulations designed to provide concentrated dietary protein derived from two or more plant sources (commonly pea, rice, soy, hemp, pumpkin, sunflower, chia, lupin, quinoa). These blends are manufactured by aqueous extraction, fractionation (alkaline extraction/isoelectric precipitation or ultrafiltration), optional enzymatic hydrolysis, spray-drying and flavoring to optimize solubility and taste. Properly formulated blends (for example pea + rice isolates) aim to complement limiting amino acids and can deliver an essential amino acid profile and digestibility that approaches animal proteins — typically achieving up to ~85–95% of whey’s postprandial amino acid availability when matched for EAAs. Typical supplemental doses are 20–40 g per serving (delivering ~15–30 g protein/serving) and are used for muscle support, weight management, glycemic moderation and as dairy-free alternatives. Consumers should choose products with third-party testing (NSF Certified for Sport, USP) and batch Certificates of Analysis; caution is required for individuals with soy/lupin allergies, kidney disease, or those taking medications like levothyroxine or tetracyclines that are sensitive to food timing.

Rindfleischprotein-Isolat

Hydrolyzed beef protein isolate

Beef Protein Isolate is a concentrated, bovine-derived protein powder produced from skeletal muscle and/or collagen-rich bovine tissues by defatting, extraction, filtration and drying, with optional enzymatic hydrolysis to yield rapidly absorbable peptides. Typical commercial isolates supply concentrated essential amino acids with overall digestibility commonly >85–95% in healthy adults, and single servings range from <strong>16–36 g protein</strong> depending on formulation. Marketed as a non-dairy alternative to whey and soy, hydrolyzed beef isolates aim to provide rapid postprandial aminoacidemia, support muscle protein synthesis (via leucine-driven mTORC1 signaling), and offer a protein option for people with lactose intolerance or milk allergy. High-quality product selection requires Certificate of Analysis (amino acid profile, peptide molecular-weight distribution, heavy metals, microbiology) and third-party sport certifications for athletes. Clinical trial data specific to beef protein isolate are limited compared with whey; most mechanistic conclusions rely on established protein metabolism literature and product compositional data. This article provides an exhaustive, evidence-framed encyclopedia-level review including chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, benefits, dosing, safety, drug interactions and US regulatory/market considerations.

Knochenbrühe-Protein

Dehydrated bone broth concentrate

Bone Broth Protein is an animal‑derived, dehydrated concentrate of simmered bones and connective tissues that delivers collagen-derived peptides (rich in glycine, proline, hydroxyproline), small peptides (e.g., Pro‑Hyp), and bone minerals. Clinical evidence for benefits (joint pain, skin elasticity, tendon/muscle support, sleep via glycine) is strongest for standardized collagen hydrolysate rather than heterogeneous whole bone‑broth powders. Typical clinical dosing used in trials is <strong>2.5–15 g/day</strong> of collagen peptides with measurable improvements in 8–24 weeks for joint/skin endpoints. Quality varies widely: choose products with certificates of analysis (ICP‑MS heavy metal testing, amino‑acid profiling, peptide MW distribution) and third‑party certification (NSF/USP/ConsumerLab). This article provides an exhaustive, referenced, medical‑level review including chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical evidence (with PMIDs), dosing, safety, drug interactions and US market guidance.