Plant Extracts

Kurkuma-Extrakt

Curcuma longa

Turmeric extract (from Curcuma longa rhizomes) is a concentrated botanical source of polyphenolic curcuminoids and volatile turmerone oils widely used as a dietary supplement for joint, metabolic and cognitive support. Standardized extracts commonly report up to <strong>95% total curcuminoids</strong> and are formulated in multiple delivery forms (phytosomes, piperine complexes, micelles) because unformulated curcumin has <strong>&lt;1% systemic oral bioavailability</strong>. Clinical trials and meta-analyses show consistent, moderate evidence for symptom relief in knee osteoarthritis and modest biomarker improvements in metabolic syndrome and systemic inflammation when therapeutic formulations and adequate dosing (typically <strong>500–2000 mg curcuminoids/day</strong> for conventional extracts) are used. Turmeric extracts are generally well tolerated; the most common adverse effects are gastrointestinal (<strong>2–10%</strong> depending on dose/formulation). Important safety considerations include potential interactions with anticoagulants, CYP/UGT-metabolized drugs and iron supplements, and pregnancy/lactation caution. This article provides an evidence-oriented, FDA/NIH-focused, practical guide to identification, mechanisms, clinical benefits, dosing, interactions and product selection for US consumers and clinicians.

Curcumin C3 Komplex

Curcuma longa curcuminoids

Curcumin C3 Complex is a clinically used, research-grade turmeric extract standardized to the three primary curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin). This premium encyclopedia entry synthesizes chemical identity, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, clinical benefits, dosing guidance, formulation comparisons, safety, drug interactions, regulatory context for the US market, and practical product-selection criteria. The article uses the supplied primary ingredient dossier as the source of scientific facts and provides an actionable, evidence-based roadmap for clinicians, formulators, and informed consumers. Key practical conclusions: typical standardized daily doses range from 250 to 1,500 mg of curcuminoids; oral bioavailability of unformulated C3 Complex is very low (<1%); enhanced formulations (piperine, phytosome, nanoparticle/micellar) raise plasma exposure multiple-fold but increase interaction risk; common clinical applications with medium evidence include osteoarthritis symptom reduction, improvements in inflammatory biomarkers, metabolic parameter support, and adjunctive mood benefit. This summary is US-focused (FDA/NIH context), identifies quality-selection checkpoints, and flags populations where caution or medical supervision is required.

Ginkgo-Biloba-Extrakt

Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba leaf extract is a standardized botanical preparation commonly dosed at <strong>120–240 mg/day</strong> and standardized to approximately <strong>24% flavone glycosides and 6% terpene lactones</strong>. This premium, evidence-oriented encyclopedia entry synthesizes phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical uses, safety, drug interactions, product-quality criteria and practical dosing guidance for the U.S. market. It emphasizes standardized extracts (EGb 761 or equivalent), the central role of ginkgolide-mediated platelet-activating factor antagonism and flavonoid antioxidant activity, and summarizes clinical outcomes for cognitive symptoms, intermittent claudication, anxiety and tinnitus. Where possible, mechanistic claims are linked to primary literature frameworks; up-to-date trial-level PubMed identifiers and DOIs are indicated as requiring live verification and can be supplied upon request. Readers will find a walk-through of optimal dosing by indication, timing with food, contraindications for pregnancy and anticoagulant use, and a practical checklist for selecting third-party–tested U.S. supplements (USP/NSF/ConsumerLab guidance). This summary is intended for informed patients, clinicians and supplement formulators seeking a rigorous, clinically grounded reference.

Johanniskraut-Extrakt

Hypericum perforatum

St. John's Wort extract (Hypericum perforatum L.) is a standardized botanical extract used extensively for mild-to-moderate depressive disorders; standardized preparations commonly contain <strong>0.1–0.3% hypericin</strong> or <strong>2–5% hyperforin</strong> and clinical trials indicate measurable benefit within <strong>2–8 weeks</strong> for many patients. This 200‑word scientific summary synthesizes taxonomy, chemistry, pharmacology, clinical evidence, dosing (U.S.-oriented), safety (notably CYP3A4/P-gp induction), and practical product-selection criteria relevant to clinicians, researchers and informed consumers in the United States.

Mariendistel-Extrakt

Silybum marianum

Milk thistle extract (standardized silymarin products) is a botanical nutraceutical derived from the seeds of Silybum marianum that concentrates flavonolignans—principally silybin (silibinin) — and is used by millions as a liver-support supplement. Typical standardized clinical doses range from <strong>200–420 mg/day</strong> of silymarin (commonly 140 mg TID or 200 mg BID), with enhanced-bioavailability phytosome formulations producing several-fold greater plasma exposure. Clinical trials and systematic reviews report consistent reductions in serum transaminases (ALT/AST) and improvements in biochemical markers in contexts such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), toxic liver injury adjunctive care, and as an adjunct in chronic liver disease, although high-quality mortality/morbidity endpoint data remain limited. Milk thistle is generally well tolerated; common side effects are mild GI complaints and rare allergic reactions. Important safety considerations include potential drug interactions (warfarin, narrow-therapeutic-index CYP3A4 substrates, certain antiretrovirals) and limited data for pregnancy/lactation. This comprehensive, evidence-focused guide explains chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, evidence-based benefits, dosing, formulation differences (standard extract vs phytosome vs IV silibinin), safety, drug interactions, and practical selection tips for the US market (FDA/NCCIH context). For up-to-date trial PMIDs/DOIs (2020–2026), please permit a live literature retrieval so precise citations can be appended.

Silymarin 80%

Silybum marianum flavonolignans

Silymarin 80% is a standardized botanical extract from milk thistle seeds that contains approximately 70–80% flavonolignans, primarily silybin (silibinin). It is widely used as a hepatoprotective nutraceutical in the United States and elsewhere. This premium encyclopedia article explains what Silymarin 80% is, its chemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic), evidence-based clinical benefits, optimal dosing by indication, safety, drug interactions, product selection guidelines, and US regulatory context (FDA, NIH/ODS). The article emphasizes formulation differences (standard extract vs phytosome vs IV salts), practical dosing recommendations (commonly used oral dose: 140 mg three times daily of a 70–80% extract = approximately 420 mg/day), and monitoring considerations for patients on warfarin, calcineurin inhibitors, statins and other narrow-therapeutic-index drugs. A literature retrieval step is recommended to attach up-to-date PMIDs/DOIs for 2020–2026 randomized trials and meta-analyses; that step is available on request.

Ashwagandha-Wurzelextrakt

Withania somnifera

Ashwagandha Root Extract — derived from the dried roots of <em>Withania somnifera</em> (Solanaceae) — is one of the most extensively researched adaptogenic herbs in modern nutritional science, with a pharmacological legacy spanning over 3,000 years of Ayurvedic medicine. Its primary bioactive constituents, the withanolides (steroidal lactones including Withaferin A, C₂₈H₃₈O₆, CAS 5119-48-2), exert multi-target effects on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, NF-κB inflammatory signaling, Nrf2 antioxidant pathways, and GABAergic neurotransmission. Clinically, standardized root extracts (typically 300–600 mg/day standardized to 5% withanolides) have demonstrated statistically significant reductions in serum cortisol, improvements in validated stress and anxiety scores, enhanced sleep quality, increased testosterone in men, measurable gains in muscle strength, and modest cognitive benefits — all supported by randomized controlled trials. Regulated in the United States as a dietary supplement under DSHEA, it is available from reputable brands (KSM-66, Sensoril, Thorne, NOW Foods) at price points ranging from $15 to $100+ per month. Generally well tolerated at standard doses, with a side-effect incidence below 5%, Ashwagandha Root Extract stands as one of the most evidence-supported botanical adaptogens for adults managing chronic stress, sleep disruption, or performance optimization.

KSM-66 Ashwagandha

Withania somnifera root extract

KSM-66 Ashwagandha is a branded, root-only, full‑spectrum aqueous extract of Withania somnifera standardized for withanolides and widely used in the US nutraceutical market for stress reduction, sleep quality, male reproductive support, and sports performance. This response outlines a premium, encyclopedia‑level article structure with clinical-grade detail, mechanisms, dosing, safety, US regulatory context (FDA/DSHEA), and product-selection guidance. To meet your explicit requirement that every clinical claim include verifiable PubMed IDs or DOIs for cited trials (2020–2026 priority) I need permission to perform a live literature retrieval pass so I can fetch and verify PMIDs/DOIs and insert precise quantitative results. If you grant that permission I will immediately produce the full 1800–2500 word HTML‑formatted article with in‑text study citations in the exact format you specified (Author et al. (Year). Journal. [PMID: XXXXXXXX] or DOI:...).

Sensoril Ashwagandha

Withania somnifera leaf and root

Sensoril® Ashwagandha is a proprietary, standardized aqueous–ethanolic extract of Withania somnifera leaves and roots developed for reproducible adaptogenic effects. Clinically studied at typical doses of <strong>125–250 mg twice daily (total 250–500 mg/day)</strong>, Sensoril® is positioned for stress reduction, improved sleep, cognitive resilience under stress, and support for physical performance. This encyclopedia-level guide synthesizes botanical identity, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, clinical benefits, dosing, safety, interactions, quality selection criteria for the US market, and pragmatic guidance for clinicians and informed consumers. Note: detailed primary-study PubMed IDs/DOIs (2020–2026) are not embedded here because real-time PubMed/DOI verification is not available in this environment; a dedicated section explains how to provide or enable PMIDs/DOIs to complete the citation list.

Ginseng-Wurzelextrakt (Panax)

Panax ginseng

Panax ginseng root extract is a standardized herbal nutraceutical derived from the dried root of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. — a triterpene saponin (ginsenoside)-rich adaptogen used for millennia in East Asian medicine. Modern standardized extracts typically contain <strong>2%–10% total ginsenosides</strong> and are formulated as capsules, tablets, liquid extracts or fermented/enzyme-processed concentrates intended to increase the oral bioavailability of deglycosylated metabolites (e.g., compound K). Clinical applications supported by moderate evidence include reduction of fatigue, modest cognitive enhancement, immune modulation and improvement in mild erectile dysfunction; metabolic and exercise performance outcomes show mixed but biologically plausible effects. Oral bioavailability of intact major ginsenosides is generally low (<5%); gut microbiota conversion to smaller, more lipophilic metabolites strongly determines systemic exposure. Typical standardized clinical dosing ranges from <strong>200–400 mg/day</strong> for general wellness up to <strong>600–900 mg/day</strong> in trials of erectile function, while whole-root doses of <strong>1–3 g/day</strong> are commonly used in metabolic studies. Users should monitor for interactions (notably with warfarin and antidiabetics), avoid use in pregnancy/lactation without medical advice, and select products with third-party Certificates of Analysis and ginsenoside standardization.

Amerikanischer Ginseng-Extrakt

Panax quinquefolius

American Ginseng Extract (Panax quinquefolius) is a standardized root extract concentrated for ginsenosides and polysaccharides that has been researched clinically for acute post‑prandial glycemic lowering, immune modulation, and cognitive/fatigue benefits. Typical standardized supplemental doses used in randomized trials range from <strong>200–400 mg/day</strong>, with some studies using up to 1,000 mg/day; gastrointestinal absorption of parent ginsenosides is low (<strong>&lt;10%</strong>) and systemic activity largely depends on gut microbial conversion to metabolites such as <em>compound K</em>. This evidence-based guide (US-focused) summarizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical benefits, safety, drug interactions, and practical product selection criteria referenced to authoritative sources (NIH/ODS, NCCIH, FDA) and primary ginseng pharmacology reviews.

Sibirischer Ginseng-Extrakt

Eleutherococcus senticosus

Siberian ginseng extract (Eleutherococcus senticosus) is a standardized botanical root/rhizome extract used as an adaptogen and immune-support supplement; typical adult doses range from <strong>300–1,200 mg/day</strong> of standardized dry extract. This premium guide synthesizes taxonomy, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical benefits, dosing, drug interactions and product-selection criteria for the U.S. market, with a practical focus on safety, cycling, and evidence-based indications. The extract contains complex marker compounds (notably eleutherosides B and E, triterpenoid saponins and polysaccharides) and is processed by aqueous or hydroalcoholic extraction to produce standardized powders, tinctures and capsules. Clinically reported effects are modest: improved stress resilience, reduced subjective fatigue, some immune-support signals, and antioxidant activity. Use is generally well tolerated at conventional doses but has potential interactions with anticoagulants, hypoglycemics, immunosuppressants and some psychiatric medicines; special populations (pregnancy, transplant recipients, severe hypertension) should avoid or use only under specialist supervision. For targeted peer-reviewed study citations (PMIDs/DOIs) and trial-level data, request a focused literature retrieval and I will return verifiable IDs and PDFs where available.

Rosenwurz-Extrakt

Rhodiola rosea

Rhodiola rosea extract is a standardized botanical adaptogen derived from the dried root and rhizome of <em>Rhodiola rosea</em> L. (family Crassulaceae), a perennial plant native to the Arctic, Siberia, Scandinavia, and high-altitude regions of Europe and Asia. Commercially standardized to 3% rosavins and 1% salidroside — its two principal bioactive marker compounds — Rhodiola has been used for centuries in traditional Arctic and Tibetan medicine to combat fatigue, enhance physical endurance, and improve resistance to cold and altitude stress. Modern pharmacology classifies Rhodiola as an adaptogen: a non-specific stress-resistance enhancer that modulates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, monoaminergic neurotransmission, and mitochondrial energy metabolism. Clinical trials support its use for reducing mental and physical fatigue, improving cognitive performance under stress, and alleviating mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms. The typical therapeutic dose ranges from 200–600 mg/day of standardized extract, taken in the morning. Rhodiola is generally well tolerated; the most common side effects — mild nervousness, insomnia, and gastrointestinal upset — affect fewer than 5% of users at standard doses. Regulated as a dietary supplement under DSHEA in the US, Rhodiola is widely available through retailers such as Amazon, iHerb, and Thorne Research.

Echinacea-Purpurea-Extrakt

Echinacea purpurea

Echinacea purpurea extract (purple coneflower extract) is a standardized botanical preparation derived from the aerial parts and/or roots of Echinacea purpurea. Rich in alkylamides, caffeic acid derivatives (notably cichoric acid), polysaccharides and flavonoids, E. purpurea extracts are widely used in the U.S. as dietary supplements for upper respiratory infection (URI) prevention and early treatment. Mechanisms supported by preclinical and clinical data include innate immune stimulation (macrophage and NK-cell activity), balanced immunomodulation via alkylamides acting at CB2-like receptors, anti-inflammatory effects through NF-κB/MAPK modulation and in vitro virucidal activity against some enveloped respiratory viruses. Clinical trials and meta-analyses show mixed but sometimes clinically meaningful reductions in cold incidence and symptom duration (typical reported reductions: <strong>~1–3 days</strong> when started at symptom onset in some trials). Typical adult dosing in randomized studies ranges from <strong>300–1,500 mg/day</strong> of standardized extract or tincture equivalents. Safety is generally good for short-term use; allergic reactions (Asteraceae-sensitive individuals) and theoretical interactions with immunosuppressants and CYP-metabolized drugs warrant caution. This article is a comprehensive, science-focused reference for clinicians, researchers and informed consumers in the U.S. market.

Echinacea-Angustifolia-Extrakt

Echinacea angustifolia

Echinacea angustifolia extract is a standardized botanical derived primarily from the roots of the narrow-leaved coneflower and used widely as an immune-support supplement in the United States. This article provides an evidence-informed, medical-level encyclopedia entry covering identification, history, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, clinically supported benefits, dosing guidance, safety, drug interactions, quality criteria and practical consumer guidance. Where high-quality human data exist, quantitative effects and trial-based dosing ranges are summarized; where up-to-date primary-study identifiers (PMID/DOI) are required, a clear note explains that live literature retrieval is needed to append verified citations. This guide is tailored to US clinicians and informed consumers and references authoritative US sources (NCCIH, ODS, FDA) for regulatory context and consumer safety.

Baldrian-Wurzelextrakt

Valeriana officinalis

Valerian root extract (from Valeriana officinalis) is a standardized botanical supplement primarily used as a sleep aid and mild anxiolytic. This 200-word, science-forward summary describes its botanical identity, principal active markers (notably <strong>valerenic acid</strong>), typical standardized doses (<strong>300–900 mg/day</strong>), major mechanisms (GABA-A positive allosteric modulation and adenosine involvement), common formulations (hydroalcoholic tinctures, standardized dry extracts, essential oil fractions), safety profile (generally well tolerated; <strong>1–10%</strong> mild adverse events; rare hepatotoxicity reports), common drug interactions (additive CNS depression with benzodiazepines, opioids, alcohol), and quality-selection criteria (look for GMP, third‑party CoA, and standardization to valerenic acid or total sesquiterpenes). This guide is US-focused: it references NIH/ODS and FDA regulatory context, typical retail pricing, and practical dosing/timing advice for adults. The full article below provides exhaustive, encyclopedia-level detail on chemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, evidence-based clinical benefits, up‑to‑date research notes, dosing regimens, drug interaction specifics, contraindications, product selection, and actionable consumer tips.

Sägepalmen-Extrakt

Serenoa repens

Saw palmetto extract (derived from the ripe berries of Serenoa repens) is a standardized lipid-rich botanical extract widely used by men to support lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Typical standardized dosing in clinical trials is 160 mg twice daily (total 320 mg/day) of a fatty-acid– and phytosterol-rich extract. Mechanistic research shows multifactorial activity — partial inhibition of 5α-reductase, anti-inflammatory effects (COX/5-LOX, NF-κB modulation), and mild smooth-muscle relaxation — that plausibly explains modest symptomatic improvements reported in some randomized trials. Safety at standard dosing is generally good; the most common adverse events are mild gastrointestinal complaints (nausea, diarrhea) occurring in approximately 1–8% of participants in clinical studies. Saw palmetto products differ markedly by extraction method (CO2 vs. ethanolic vs. cold-pressed) and standardization; for US consumers, prefer third-party tested CO2 or standardized lipid extracts with certificate-of-analysis and clear fatty-acid/sterol content. This article delivers a comprehensive, evidence-focused encyclopedia-level review tailored to the US market, including mechanisms, dosing, benefits, safety, drug interactions, quality criteria, and practical purchasing guidance.

Traubensilberkerze-Extrakt

Actaea racemosa

<p><strong>Black cohosh extract (Actaea racemosa, syn. Cimicifuga racemosa) is a standardized botanical extract used by millions of women worldwide as a non‑hormonal option for menopausal vasomotor symptoms; randomized trials typically evaluate <strong>80–160 mg/day</strong> over <strong>8–12 weeks</strong>.</strong></p><p>This premium, evidence‑focused guide explains what black cohosh extract is, how it is produced, molecular mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, clinically demonstrated benefits, safety signals (including rare hepatotoxicity), optimal dosing strategies for the U.S. market, drug interaction risks, product selection criteria (USP/NSF/ConsumerLab), and practical consumer advice. Content synthesizes regulatory positions (FDA, NIH/NCCIH), phytochemistry (actein/total triterpene glycosides standardization), and clinical trial paradigms. Note: specific live PubMed/DOI retrieval for post‑2020 primary trials requires permission to perform a literature search; see the 'Current Research' section for details.</p>

Ingwer-Wurzelextrakt

Zingiber officinale

Ginger Root Extract (derived from Zingiber officinale rhizome) is a standardized botanical nutraceutical rich in phenolic ketones (notably 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol) and volatile terpenes. Clinically studied doses range from <strong>500 mg to 2,000 mg/day</strong> depending on indication; major evidence supports antiemetic effects (pregnancy, motion, postoperative) and modest analgesic/anti-inflammatory benefits in osteoarthritis and dysmenorrhea. This article synthesizes phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, clinical efficacy, safety, drug interactions, dosing, formulation selection, and US-market quality guidance in a single evidence-focused reference.

Knoblauch-Extrakt

Allium sativum

Garlic extract (Allium sativum extract) is a sulfur-rich botanical nutraceutical used for millennia that contains unstable volatiles (allicin) and stable water-soluble organosulfur compounds (notably S‑allyl cysteine, SAC). Modern preparations range from raw/crushed garlic (allicin-forming) to aged garlic extract (AGE, SAC-rich, odorless) and garlic oil (DADS/DATS-rich). Clinical research supports modest, reproducible benefits for blood pressure (mean systolic reductions ~5–10 mmHg in several trials), modest LDL lowering, antiplatelet effects and reduced incidence/duration of common cold in some trials; effects are formulation- and dose-dependent. Typical supplemental dosing used in trials: 600–1,200 mg/day for aged garlic extract or 600–1,200 mg/day garlic powder (with allicin-standardized products delivering specific mg allicin/day). Garlic supplements are generally well tolerated but can increase bleeding risk when combined with anticoagulants/antiplatelet drugs and may interact with CYP3A4 substrates in formulation-dependent ways. This article provides a complete, science-focused, clinically actionable overview of chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, benefits, dosing and safety for US clinicians and informed consumers.

Kyolic gereifter Knoblauch-Extrakt

Allium sativum (aged)

Kyolic Aged Garlic Extract (AGE) is a standardized, odor‑reduced botanical supplement derived from fresh Allium sativum aged for 10–20 months to concentrate stable, water‑soluble organosulfur compounds—principally S‑allyl‑L‑cysteine (SAC). Clinical trials and mechanistic studies report benefits for blood pressure (typical trial doses 600–1,200 mg/day), endothelial function, reduced oxidized LDL, and slowed atherosclerotic progression when used long‑term as an adjunct. AGE is generally well tolerated; the primary safety concern is additive bleeding with anticoagulants/antiplatelets. Kyolic is the most widely marketed standardized AGE brand in the US (Wakunaga of America). This premium guide summarizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical effects, dosage, drug interactions, quality selection criteria, and practical recommendations for US consumers and clinicians. Note: specific primary study PMIDs/DOIs (2020–2026) require a live literature query; a prompt to run that search is provided within the article.

Grüntee-Extrakt

Camellia sinensis

Green Tea Extract (GTE) is a concentrated botanical supplement derived from the leaves of Camellia sinensis, standardized for polyphenolic catechins (notably EGCG). Typical consumer doses deliver <strong>100–400 mg EGCG/day</strong> or 300–500 mg total catechins and are associated with modest increases in energy expenditure, improved fat oxidation, small improvements in lipids and glycemic markers, and antimicrobial effects in the oral cavity. GTE differs from brewed green tea in concentration, pharmacokinetics, and safety: concentrated supplements carry a rare but real risk of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity, particularly at high EGCG doses (>400–800 mg/day) or when taken fasting. This guide translates current science into clear, actionable US-focused guidance: what GTE is, how it works mechanistically, evidence-based benefits (with study summaries), pharmacokinetics, optimal dosing by goal, drug interactions to avoid, safety monitoring, and practical product selection criteria for the US market (FDA/NIH/ODS context). Note: I have summarized extant literature and regulatory guidance; specific clinical citations (PMIDs/DOIs) are flagged where web verification is required and can be appended on request.

EGCG (Epigallocatechingallat)

Camellia sinensis catechin

EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate) is the principal catechin in green tea and a well-studied plant polyphenol with diverse molecular actions on AMPK, NF-κB, and the 67‑kDa laminin receptor. At dietary levels (approximately <300 mg/day from brewed green tea) EGCG is generally safe and associated with modest improvements in weight management, LDL oxidation, endothelial function, and markers of oxidative stress. Concentrated extracts (≥800 mg/day) increase systemic exposure but carry a rare risk of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. This encyclopedia-level guide summarizes identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, eight science-backed clinical benefits (with trial citations), up-to-date research through 2026, dosing recommendations, safety, drug interactions, product selection guidelines for the US market (FDA/NIH/ODS context), and practical consumer tips.

Traubenkernextrakt

Vitis vinifera

Grape Seed Extract (GSE) is a concentrated botanical extract from Vitis vinifera seeds standardized for oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs) that provides antioxidant, microcirculatory and endothelial support. Typical clinical doses range from <strong>100–600 mg/day</strong>, with the strongest randomized-trial evidence supporting symptom reduction in chronic venous insufficiency and modest improvements in endothelial function and oxidative stress biomarkers. GSE is generally well tolerated; main cautions are potential increased bleeding risk with anticoagulants and limited safety data in pregnancy. This concise scientific summary synthesizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical benefits, dosing, drug interactions and quality-selection guidance for the US market (FDA/NIH context). Note: specific PubMed IDs / DOIs for cited clinical trials are available on request — I can fetch verified references if you permit PubMed access.

Pinienrindenextrakt

Pinus pinaster

Pine bark extract (commonly standardized from Pinus pinaster and marketed as Pycnogenol-type extracts) is a proanthocyanidin-rich botanical nutraceutical used for microcirculatory support, endothelial function, antioxidant defense, and skin health. Standardized commercial extracts typically contain ~65–75% procyanidins and are dosed clinically at **50–300 mg/day**, with common regimens of **100–200 mg/day**. Clinical trials and mechanistic studies indicate benefits for chronic venous insufficiency (symptom and edema reduction), endothelial-dependent vasodilation, and reductions in oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers. Pine bark constituents include monomeric flavanols (catechin, epicatechin), low-molecular-weight oligomeric procyanidins (dimers/trimers), and phenolic acids; monomers have estimated oral bioavailability of **~20–40%**, while intact oligomers are absorbed at **<5–10%**, with substantial additional systemic exposure via microbiota-derived phenolic metabolites. Safety is generally good at common doses; main precautions include bleeding risk with anticoagulants and pregnancy/lactation avoidance due to limited data. This article is an in-depth, evidence-oriented, US-focused compendium for clinicians and informed consumers.

Pycnogenol

Pinus pinaster bark extract

Pycnogenol is a standardized, proprietary extract of Pinus pinaster (maritime pine) bark developed in the 1970s and rich in oligomeric procyanidins (OPCs). This 200‑word summary explains Pycnogenol's identity, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, clinically studied uses (venous insufficiency, edema, endothelial function, skin photoprotection, cognitive support, osteoarthritis, exercise recovery and diabetes-related microvascular protection), typical dosages (50–300 mg/day), safety profile, drug interaction cautions (anticoagulants, antihypertensives, diabetes drugs), and practical guidance for US consumers on product selection and use. The summary emphasizes that Pycnogenol is a mixture of polyphenols (catechin/epicatechin, taxifolin, phenolic acids, oligomeric procyanidins) rather than a single molecule, describes absorption limitations and gut microbiota-dependent metabolites, and outlines common side effects (gastrointestinal upset, headache, rare rash) and populations to avoid (pregnancy, uncontrolled bleeding, chemotherapy without oncologist approval). For up-to-date primary study PMIDs/DOIs and specific trial statistics (2020–2026), a live PubMed/DOI lookup is recommended and can be provided on request.

Olivenblattextrakt

Olea europaea

Heidelbeerextrakt

Vaccinium myrtillus

<p><strong>Bilberry extract is an anthocyanin‑rich botanical extract standardized most commonly to <em>25%–36% total anthocyanins</em>, with typical supplement doses providing <strong>~40–150 mg anthocyanins daily</strong>.</strong> Bilberry extract (derived from Vaccinium myrtillus L.) is marketed in the US as a dietary supplement for microvascular support, ocular health, antioxidant support and adjunctive metabolic effects. This 200‑word summary synthesizes botanical identity, standardized manufacturing, pharmacokinetics (low intact anthocyanin bioavailability, usually <strong>1%–2%</strong> for parent molecules), principal molecular mechanisms (antioxidant/free radical scavenging, eNOS/NO modulation, NF‑κB inhibition, gut microbiota biotransformation), clinical indications supported by small-to-moderate trials (ocular microcirculation, chronic venous insufficiency symptoms, postprandial glycemia), and pragmatic guidance for US consumers (typical standardized extract doses <strong>160–360 mg/day</strong>, safety flags such as anticoagulant interaction risk and limited pregnancy data). The summary emphasizes product quality (HPLC anthocyanin profile, third‑party CoA, heavy metal and pesticide screening), practical synergies (vitamin C, omega‑3, probiotics), and conservative clinical recommendations for monitoring when used with anticoagulants or glucose-lowering drugs. This content is evidence-focused and intended for clinicians, pharmacists and informed consumers seeking an in‑depth, scientifically rigorous reference on bilberry extract.

Holunderextrakt

Sambucus nigra

Elderberry extract (from Sambucus nigra L.) is an anthocyanin-rich botanical supplement widely used for short-term support of upper respiratory symptoms. Modern products are typically standardized to total anthocyanins and formulated as syrups, powders/capsules, lozenges or tinctures. Clinical evidence from randomized trials indicates that early administration of standardized elderberry extract can reduce the duration of influenza-like illness symptoms by approximately 50% in small outpatient studies (e.g., 3–4 days vs. 7–8 days in Zakay‑Rones et al., 2004). Proper processing removes toxic cyanogenic glycosides present in raw plant parts; when manufactured and dosed correctly, elderberry extract is generally well tolerated, with gastrointestinal complaints and rare allergic reactions reported. Elderberry products in the U.S. are regulated as dietary supplements under DSHEA — manufacturers must follow cGMPs and avoid disease-treatment claims. For clinicians and consumers seeking evidence-based use, elderberry is best used early in acute uncomplicated URTIs at manufacturer-recommended, standardized doses and not as a replacement for indicated antiviral therapy in severe influenza or COVID-19. If you want a live, up-to-date list of 2020–2026 primary studies with PMIDs/DOIs, I can retrieve and append them on request.

Sambucol Schwarzer Holunder

Sambucus nigra L.

Sambucol Black Elderberry (standardized Sambucus nigra L. fruit extract) is a commercially produced, anthocyanin-rich botanical supplement marketed for short-term relief of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms and immune support. Sambucol preparations are standardized to total anthocyanin content (major constituents: cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-sambubioside), supplied as syrup, lozenges, tablets or capsules, and intended for early short-course dosing (typical adult protocol: 15 mL syrup q4–6h or equivalent extract 600–1500 mg/day for 3–5 days). Clinical trials and in vitro studies report reductions in URTI symptom duration (range: mean reduction ≈ 1–4 days) and severity when started within 24–48 hours of symptom onset. Safety data for processed, standardized extracts show mostly mild gastrointestinal adverse effects (<5%) and rare hypersensitivity; raw elderberry parts contain cyanogenic glycosides and are contraindicated. In the US Sambucol is sold as a dietary supplement (DSHEA) and is not FDA-approved to treat or prevent infectious disease; consumers should consult clinicians when using elderberry concurrently with anticoagulants or immunosuppressants.

Weißdornbeeren-Extrakt

Crataegus species

Hawthorn berry extract (Crataegus spp.) is a standardized botanical cardiotonic used in Europe and the US as an adjunct for symptomatic relief in mild-to-moderate chronic heart failure and circulatory support. Contemporary preparations are aqueous‑ethanolic extracts (commonly 30–70% ethanol) standardized to oligomeric procyanidins (OPCs) or total flavonoids (e.g., WS 1442, LI 132). Mechanisms include endothelial nitric oxide enhancement, mild phosphodiesterase inhibition, antioxidant activity, modest positive inotropy, and anti‑platelet effects. Clinical studies and systematic reviews report measurable improvement in exercise tolerance and symptom scores in NYHA I–II heart failure over 8–12 weeks when using standardized extracts; commonly studied dosing ranges are <strong>160–900 mg/day</strong> depending on extract and indication. Hawthorn is generally well tolerated but may interact with cardiac glycosides, anticoagulants, antihypertensives and certain CYP substrates; medical supervision is advised when used with prescription cardiac drugs. This evidence-based guide summarizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical benefits, dosing, interactions and US product-selection criteria for clinicians and educated consumers.

Cranberry-Extrakt

Vaccinium macrocarpon

<p><strong>36 mg of cranberry proanthocyanidins (PACs) per day is a commonly studied threshold associated with reduced recurrence of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) in clinical trials.</strong> Cranberry extract (from <em>Vaccinium macrocarpon</em>) is a polyphenol-rich nutraceutical most widely researched for urinary tract health; commercial products vary widely in PAC content and quality. This premium article synthesizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical evidence, dosing, safety, drug interactions and practical product-selection criteria for the U.S. market, with explicit guidance for clinicians and informed consumers. It highlights standardized PAC dosing, formulary differences (juice vs concentrated extract), known contraindications (notably warfarin and stone-formers), and practical steps to choose third-party–tested supplements available from U.S. retailers. For consumers who want verifiable primary-study identifiers (PMIDs/DOIs) for 2020–2026 trials and meta-analyses, a follow-up literature retrieval can be provided to supply full citations on request.</p>

Cran-Max Cranberry

Vaccinium macrocarpon concentrate

Cran-Max Cranberry is a PAC-standardized concentrated extract of Vaccinium macrocarpon designed to deliver consistent proanthocyanidin (PAC) dosages for urinary and mucosal health. This premium, evidence-focused encyclopedia entry explains chemistry, manufacturing, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms (anti-adhesion of uropathogenic E. coli via A‑type PACs), clinical benefits (UTI prevention, oral health, modest cardiovascular biomarker effects), dosing guidance (commonly <strong>36 mg PAC/day</strong> for UTI prophylaxis), safety (well tolerated; caution with warfarin and kidney-stone history), and US-specific purchasing and regulatory guidance (DSHEA, FDA labeling limits, third-party testing). The article is written for clinicians, pharmacists, and informed consumers and includes a structured, actionable product-selection checklist for US buyers and an itemized request for updated peer‑reviewed citations (2020–2026) so that all clinical claims can be supplied with PubMed IDs/DOIs on request.

Maca-Wurzelextrakt

Lepidium meyenii

Maca root extract (Lepidium meyenii) is a high‑altitude Peruvian botanical used as a food and dietary supplement; clinical trials and preclinical research commonly use **1,500–3,000 mg/day** of dried root or **500–1,200 mg/day** of macamide‑enriched extract and report subjective improvements in libido, energy and some sperm parameters within **4–12 weeks**. This guide provides an evidence‑informed, medically rigorous summary of identification, chemistry, pharmacology, mechanisms, clinical benefits, dosing, safety, drug interactions and US‑market quality criteria. Where human pharmacokinetic or recent trial PMIDs/DOIs are required, I have flagged gaps and can retrieve verified citations on request.

Schwarzer Maca-Extrakt

Lepidium meyenii (black)

Black Maca Extract (from Lepidium meyenii, black phenotype) is a concentrated botanical supplement derived from the dried hypocotyl of Peruvian maca root. Traditionally used for energy, libido and fertility, modern extracts are often standardized to macamides and glucosinolates. Typical clinical dosing ranges from 1.5–3 g/day for whole powder or 300–1,000 mg/day for concentrated extracts, with reproductive endpoints usually evaluated after 8–12 weeks. Evidence includes robust preclinical mechanistic data and multiple small human trials showing modest benefits for libido and semen parameters; larger, high-quality RCTs and comprehensive human pharmacokinetic studies remain limited. Consult clinicians before combining maca with anticoagulants, thyroid therapies or hormone-sensitive cancer treatments.

Roter Maca-Extrakt

Lepidium meyenii (red)

Red Maca Extract (Lepidium meyenii, red hypocotyl) is a standardized botanical extract derived from the red-colored root (hypocotyl) of Peruvian maca cultivated at 3,800–4,500 m elevation. Typical commercial products are ethanolic or hydroalcoholic extracts standardized to marker compounds (commonly macamides or benzyl glucosinolate) and dosed in the US market at about <strong>300–1,000 mg/day for extracts</strong> or <strong>1.5–5 g/day for whole powdered maca</strong). Preclinical data and small human trials indicate potential benefits for libido, semen quality, menopausal symptoms, prostate-supportive endpoints, energy and antioxidant status; however the human evidence is limited to small heterogeneous trials and much mechanistic detail derives from animal or in vitro studies. Safety data indicate overall good tolerability at customary doses, but theoretical interactions exist with anticoagulants, thyroid medications, and hormone therapies. This article synthesizes identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, evidence-based benefits, dosing, safety, drug interactions and US-focused product selection guidance suitable for clinicians and educated consumers.

Heiliges Basilikum-Extrakt

Ocimum tenuiflorum

Holy basil extract (Tulsi, Ocimum tenuiflorum) is a multi‑constituent Ayurvedic botanical used as an adaptogen, antioxidant, anti‑inflammatory, metabolic adjunct, and topical antimicrobial. Standardized extracts typically contain marker compounds such as eugenol, ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid and are formulated as teas, hydroalcoholic capsules (300–1200 mg/day commonly used in clinical trials), essential oils, and advanced lipid/phytosome preparations. Modern pharmacology implicates HPA‑axis modulation, NF‑κB inhibition, Nrf2 activation, AMPK/PPAR metabolic signaling, and direct antimicrobial membrane effects as core mechanisms. Safety is generally good at recommended doses but essential oils and high‑dose extracts carry risks (bleeding potentiation with anticoagulants, additive hypoglycemia, sedation). High‑quality large randomized controlled trials for many indications remain limited; targeted literature retrieval (PubMed) is recommended to compile up‑to‑date PMIDs/DOIs for specific clinical claims.

Bacopa-Monnieri-Extrakt

Bacopa monnieri

I cannot complete the requested premium, fully citable 2020–2026 article without verifying primary literature and chemical identifiers. Please choose how you want to proceed: allow web access to fetch citations (A), proceed immediately without live verification and accept unverified citations (B), or provide up to 6 PubMed IDs/DOIs for inclusion (C).

Gotu-Kola-Extrakt

Centella asiatica

Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) extract is a standardized botanical supplement rich in pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins (e.g., asiaticoside, madecassoside) used clinically and traditionally for wound healing, chronic venous insufficiency and topical skin repair. Modern standardized extracts typically deliver **60–360 mg/day** of triterpenoid-containing material orally or **0.2–5%** topical concentrations for dermatologic use. This article delivers a comprehensive, evidence-focused encyclopedia entry covering identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical benefits, dosing, safety, interactions, product selection (US market), and practical guidance; it highlights knowledge gaps and offers next steps to retrieve recent (2020–2026) primary studies with PubMed IDs/DOIs on request.

Löwenmähne-Pilzextrakt

Hericium erinaceus

Lion's Mane (Hericium erinaceus) extract is a fungal nutraceutical best known for compounds that stimulate nerve growth factor (NGF) pathways and support cognitive health. Standardized extracts contain hericenones (fruiting body) and erinacines (mycelium) that have shown nerve-regenerative effects in preclinical models and modest cognitive improvements in small human trials. Typical supplemental doses range from <strong>500–3,000 mg/day</strong> depending on extract concentration and clinical goal. In the US market, quality varies widely; look for third-party testing (USP/NSF/ConsumerLab), clear mushroom part (fruiting body vs mycelium), and standardized polysaccharide or erinacine content. Safety data are favorable overall, with mild gastrointestinal or skin reactions reported in <strong>≤10%</strong> of trial participants; serious adverse events and established drug–herb interactions remain rare but plausible (anticoagulants, immunosuppressants). This article provides a complete encyclopedia-level review, including chemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, clinical benefits across eight categories, dosage, interactions, contraindications, and US-focused product selection criteria.

Reishi-Pilzextrakt

Ganoderma lucidum

Reishi mushroom extract (Ganoderma lucidum, "Lingzhi") is a complex, commercially produced fungal extract standardized to polysaccharides (beta-glucans) and triterpenes (ganoderic acids). Backed by >2,000 years of traditional use and decades of preclinical/clinical research, Reishi extracts are used in the US for immune support, adaptogenic/stress relief, sleep improvement, hepatic protection and metabolic adjuncts. Products differ by extraction (water, ethanol, dual), formulation (fruiting body, mycelium, spores) and active-marker standardization; typical clinical dosing ranges from 300–3,000 mg/day depending on preparation and goal.

Cordyceps-Extrakt

Cordyceps sinensis

Cordyceps extract is a standardized nutraceutical derived from entomopathogenic fungi (wild Ophiocordyceps sinensis or cultivated Cordyceps militaris) used by athletes and health-conscious consumers to support energy, endurance, respiratory function, and immune balance. Clinical and preclinical research commonly uses oral doses ranging from <strong>500–3,000 mg/day</strong> of whole-extract powders or 0.5–50 mg/day of cordycepin-standardized preparations. This guide synthesizes taxonomy, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, eight evidence-supported benefits with clinical context, dosing by goal, safety, drug interactions (anticoagulants, hypoglycemics, immunosuppressants), and a practical US-focused product-selection checklist (FDA/NIH context, COAs, third-party testing). Note: specific PubMed IDs and DOIs for 2020–2026 clinical trials are available on request; I can fetch and insert verified PMIDs/DOIs if you grant permission to query bibliographic databases.

Cordyceps-Militaris-Extrakt

Cordyceps militaris

Cordyceps militaris extract is a cultivated medicinal mushroom standardized most often for the nucleoside cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) and polysaccharides (β-glucans). This 2,000‑word premium encyclopedia article summarizes taxonomy, chemistry (<code>C10H13N5O3</code> for cordycepin), cultivation, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, eight science-backed benefits, dosage guidance used in US supplements (typical whole-extract: <strong>1,000–3,000 mg/day</strong>), safety, drug interactions, product quality criteria, and practical consumer guidance. Sections open with concise, quotable facts and each benefit is supported by study placeholders pending authorization to retrieve PubMed IDs/DOIs. This resource is tailored to clinicians, formulators and informed consumers in the US market and emphasizes FDA/NIH regulatory context, third-party testing and GMP quality assurance.

Chaga-Pilzextrakt

Inonotus obliquus

Chaga Mushroom Extract (Inonotus obliquus) is a fungal-derived nutraceutical traditionally used in northern Europe and Asia and increasingly sold in the US as concentrated extracts (typically 500–3,000 mg/day). Rich in polysaccharides, triterpenoids (inotodiol, betulinic derivatives), and melanin-like pigments, chaga is investigated for antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, glucose-lowering, antiviral, and potential adjuvant anticancer effects. High-quality human randomized trials are limited; most robust data are preclinical (in vitro and animal) showing modulation of innate immune signaling and antioxidant enzyme activity. Safety signals include possible interactions with anticoagulants and immunosuppressants, rare case reports of liver or kidney effects, and variable product quality on the US market. No NIH/ODS official dosing guideline exists; common commercial doses range from 500–3,000 mg/day of standardized extract, often split twice daily. This premium encyclopedia entry summarizes identification, chemistry, pharmacology, mechanisms, published research trends to 2024, practical dosing and safety guidance for US consumers, and a stepwise product selection checklist with third-party testing recommendations.

Schmetterlingstramete-Extrakt

Trametes versicolor

<p><strong>Turkey Tail (Trametes versicolor) extract is a hot‑water–derived fungal supplement rich in protein–polysaccharide complexes (PSK/PSP) and soluble β‑glucans that have been used clinically—PSK dosing historically ≈3,000 mg/day in Japanese adjuvant oncology trials.</strong></p><p>This concise, science‑oriented summary (200 words) explains identification, chemistry, mechanisms, clinical uses, dosing ranges, safety signals and quality selection for the US market. Turkey Tail is a wood‑decay basidiomycete (genus <em>Trametes</em>) whose active fractions are high‑molecular‑weight β‑glucans and protein‑bound polysaccharides (PSK, PSP). Modern preparations emphasize hot‑water extraction to preserve water‑soluble polysaccharides; dual extracts retain ethanol‑soluble phenolics as well. Mechanistically, turkey tail acts primarily as a biological response modifier via pattern‑recognition receptors (dectin‑1, TLR2/4, CR3), enhancing macrophage, dendritic cell and NK cell functions and modifying gut microbiota fermentation to short‑chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Clinical interest centers on adjunctive oncology support (historical PSK data from East Asia), immune support for respiratory infection, and microbiome modulation. Typical supplement dosing ranges from <strong>500–3,000 mg/day</strong> depending on extract standardization and clinical goals. Safety in healthy adults at these doses is generally good; important contraindications include concurrent systemic immunosuppression, unstable autoimmune disease, pregnancy and potential interactions with anticoagulants and immune therapies. For primary research (2020–2026) consult PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov for up‑to‑date PMIDs/DOIs using the queries provided below.</p>

Shiitake-Pilzextrakt

Lentinula edodes

Shiitake mushroom extract (from Lentinula edodes) is a widely used medicinal mushroom preparation standardized most often for water-soluble β-glucans (notably lentinan) or enriched for the small-molecule eritadenine. Hot‑water extracts target immune modulation via dectin‑1/CR3 signaling while eritadenine influences hepatic phospholipid metabolism and serum LDL. Typical supplement doses range from <strong>300–1,000 mg/day</strong> for standardized β‑glucan extracts and <strong>1–3 g/day</strong> for whole-powder preparations; parenteral lentinan is a prescription oncology adjunct (historical IV dosing ~<strong>1–2 mg weekly</strong>). This authoritative, evidence-focused encyclopedia article synthesizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical benefits, dosing guidance, safety, drug interactions, product selection criteria for the US market (FDA/NIH context), and practical consumer recommendations. Where human PK or high‑quality RCT data are limited in public databases, the text flags gaps and provides exact search strategies to retrieve peer‑reviewed clinical trials and systematic reviews from PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov.

Maitake-Pilzextrakt

Grifola frondosa

Maitake mushroom extract (from Grifola frondosa) is a polysaccharide‑rich dietary supplement standardized most commonly for branched beta‑1,3/1,6‑glucans (and protein‑bound polysaccharides such as proprietary 'D‑Fraction'). Typical extracts concentrate high‑molecular‑weight beta‑glucans (molar mass range ~<strong>10,000 – >1,000,000 Da</strong>) and are prepared by hot‑water extraction, sometimes combined with ethanol to include lipophilic sterols. Historically used as a functional food in East Asia, modern research (preclinical and small clinical trials) focuses on immune modulation (Dectin‑1/CR3/TLR pathways), adjunctive oncology support, glycemic and lipid effects, and microbiome modulation. Commercial US products vary widely in composition and quality; common supplemental doses range from <strong>500 mg to 3,000 mg/day</strong>, with many clinical pilot protocols using 1,000–2,000 mg/day. Safety profiles are generally favorable, with gastrointestinal upset and rare allergic reactions being the most reported adverse events. High‑quality, large randomized controlled trials are limited; consumers should choose third‑party tested products and consult clinicians when taking antidiabetic, immunosuppressant, anticoagulant, or chemotherapeutic drugs. This article is a comprehensive, evidence‑oriented encyclopedia‑level review covering chemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, clinical benefits, dosing, safety, interactions, product selection, and US‑specific regulatory context.

Agaricus-Blazei-Extrakt

Agaricus blazei Murill

Agaricus blazei extract is a medicinal-mushroom supplement derived from the fruiting body or mycelium of Agaricus blazei Murill (also sold as Agaricus subrufescens / Agaricus brasiliensis). Commercial preparations are typically hot-water or dual (water + ethanol) extracts standardized to (1→3),(1→6)-β-D-glucans. Evidence from in vitro, animal, and small clinical studies indicates immunomodulatory effects (macrophage/NK-cell activation), preclinical antitumor signals, and potential metabolic and gut-microbiome benefits. Typical supplemental daily doses in human studies and commercial practice range from 500 mg to 3,000 mg of extract-equivalents; clinical signals for immune markers often appear within days to weeks, while quality-of-life endpoints in cancer adjunct trials appear after 4–12 weeks. Safety data indicate generally mild adverse events (GI upset, rare allergic reactions) but include rare post-marketing hepatotoxicity reports; avoid use with systemic immunosuppressants and consult a clinician when on anticoagulants or chemotherapy. This article is a comprehensive, science-focused guide for US consumers and clinicians, including mechanism, pharmacokinetics, evidence summary, dosing guidance, drug-interaction cautions, and practical product-selection criteria.

Schisandra-Beeren-Extrakt

Schisandra chinensis

Schisandra Berry Extract (Schisandra chinensis; traditional name <em>Wu Wei Zi</em>) is a standardized botanical extract rich in dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans (commonly reported as “total lignans”) used in the US nutraceutical market as an adaptogen and hepatoprotective agent. Historically used for >2,000 years in East Asian medicine, modern standardized extracts (hydroalcoholic) supply the lipophilic lignan fraction that drives most preclinical antioxidant, mitochondrial‑protective and CYP‑modulating effects. Typical consumer dosing ranges from <strong>200–600 mg/day</strong> of standardized extract (lignan content commonly 1.5%–10%); advanced delivery systems (phytosomes, lipid carriers) are used to improve bioavailability. Evidence includes robust preclinical data (Nrf2 activation, NF‑κB inhibition, mitochondrial stabilization) and a limited number of small human trials for stress, fatigue, sleep and liver support. Safety is generally good in usual doses but important drug interactions through CYP3A4, CYP2C and P‑glycoprotein pathways have been reported; consult clinicians when using anticoagulants, immunosuppressants or narrow‑therapeutic‑index drugs. This encyclopedia entry synthesizes chemistry, PK, mechanisms, dosing, safety, and US‑market guidance for clinicians, formulators and informed consumers.

Astragalus-Wurzelextrakt

Astragalus membranaceus

Astragalus Root Extract (from Astragalus membranaceus) is a widely used botanical in Traditional Chinese Medicine and modern nutraceuticals; standardized extracts typically contain <strong>10–50% polysaccharides or 0.1–1.5% saponins</strong> and are used at doses of <strong>500–3,000 mg/day</strong) in clinical studies. This encyclopedia-level article synthesizes pharmacology, mechanisms, safety, dosage, drug interactions, and US-market quality guidance based on peer-reviewed literature through June 2024 (note: primary-PMID verification flagged where external lookups are required). It is written for clinicians, pharmacists, and informed consumers who want an evidence-graded, practical reference on astragalus root extract, including molecular targets (e.g., TLRs, NF-κB, MAPK), pharmacokinetics, and clinical trial endpoints for immune support, cardioprotection, glycemic control, and adjunctive oncology uses. Regulatory context (FDA DSHEA, NIH/ODS) and product selection criteria (USP/NSF/ConsumerLab, COAs) for the US market are included. Citations to primary studies are provided with explicit notes where PMIDs/DOIs could not be verified in-session.

Boswellia-Extrakt

Boswellia serrata

Boswellia extract (from Boswellia serrata and related species) is a resin-derived botanical standardized for boswellic acids that has been studied in randomized trials for osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma and musculoskeletal pain. Typical clinical regimens use <strong>300–1,200 mg/day</strong> of standardized extract (often stated as 30–65% total boswellic acids or an AKBA-enriched fraction), are taken with food to improve absorption, and show symptom benefit within <strong>2–12 weeks</strong> in many trials. This concise guide summarizes chemistry, mechanisms (notably 5‑lipoxygenase and NF‑κB inhibition), pharmacokinetics, evidence-based clinical uses, dosing, safety, drug interactions and practical product-selection criteria for the US market (FDA/NCCIH context, USD pricing and US retailers).

5-Loxin Boswellia

Boswellia serrata AKBA

5-Loxin® is an AKBA-enriched Boswellia serrata resin extract developed to provide a standardized, clinically tested botanical anti-inflammatory agent. This premium encyclopedia article synthesizes preclinical mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, standardized dosing ranges used in trials, safety, drug interaction risks, product selection criteria for the US market, and practical consumer guidance. It highlights that AKBA (3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid) is the principal bioactive marker (molecular formula <code>C32H48O5</code>) and that conventional oral bioavailability for AKBA is low (<strong>single-digit %</strong>) unless delivered in lipid or phytosome-enhanced forms. The article details eight evidence-based benefits (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis adjunctive, inflammatory bowel disease adjunctive, asthma adjunctive, general musculoskeletal analgesia, metabolic inflammation modulation, topical dermatologic use, and preclinical neuroinflammation effects), contraindications (pregnancy, bleeding disorders), and US-specific product quality criteria (GMP, third-party CoA, USP/NSF/ConsumerLab). This concise summary prepares clinicians, formulators, and informed consumers to evaluate 5-Loxin formulations and to request verified clinical citations and PK data when live literature retrieval is authorized.

Katzenkralle-Extrakt

Uncaria tomentosa

Cat's claw extract (Uncaria tomentosa) is a standardized botanical supplement derived from the bark and root of a woody Amazonian vine, used primarily for anti‑inflammatory and immunomodulatory purposes. Modern preparations are hydroalcoholic or aqueous extracts standardized to marker alkaloids (pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids) and polyphenols. Traditional Amazonian use predates scientific study; contemporary phytochemistry identifies indole/oxindole alkaloids (e.g., mitraphylline, isopteropodine), triterpenes and proanthocyanidins as putative active constituents. Mechanistic research — largely in vitro and in animals — indicates inhibition of NF‑κB signaling, modulation of cytokine production (TNF‑α, IL‑1β, IL‑6), antioxidant effects and modest effects on matrix metalloproteinases relevant to joint disease. Human clinical trials are limited, heterogeneous in extract chemistry and sample size, and show mixed results for osteoarthritis and inflammatory symptoms. Typical supplement dosing ranges from 250–750 mg/day of standardized extract (commonly 300–400 mg twice daily); safety concerns include potential interactions with immunosuppressants and anticoagulants, and limited pregnancy/breastfeeding data. Quality selection should prioritize species verification, standardized alkaloid content and third‑party testing (GMP, NSF, ConsumerLab). This article provides a comprehensive, science‑forward synthesis for clinicians, researchers and informed consumers in the US market.

Teufelskralle-Extrakt

Harpagophytum procumbens

Devil's Claw extract (Harpagophytum procumbens) is a botanically derived anti-inflammatory and analgesic nutraceutical used primarily for musculoskeletal pain. This premium, evidence‑informed monograph synthesizes mechanism, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy data, dosing guidance, safety, drug interactions, product selection criteria for the US market, and practical consumer advice. It highlights that standardized preparations (harpagoside content) are central to reproducible effects, and that most clinical studies report modest but clinically meaningful pain reductions (~20–40% vs baseline in shorter trials) for osteoarthritis and low back pain — while regulatory bodies such as the FDA have not approved Devil's Claw as a drug. NOTE: study citations, PMIDs/DOIs, and exact chemical registry numbers are flagged for verification where required.

Mutterkraut-Extrakt

Tanacetum parthenium

Feverfew extract (from Tanacetum parthenium) is a standardized botanical supplement most commonly used for migraine prevention; typical commercial extracts contain <strong>0.2–0.6% parthenolide</strong> by weight. This premium, evidence-focused encyclopedia entry summarizes taxonomy, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms (notably NF-κB inhibition by parthenolide), clinical indications with practical dosing (commonly <strong>100–300 mg/day</strong> of standardized extract), safety, interactions (high risk with anticoagulants), product-quality markers (parthenolide assay, CoA, GMP), and US-market considerations. The article clarifies limits of my current session: I can generate a fully referenced study list with PMIDs/DOIs on request if you permit me to query PubMed/DOI resources. This summary is written for clinicians, pharmacists, and informed consumers seeking an authoritative, practical review.

Pestwurz-Extrakt

Petasites hybridus

Butterbur extract (Petasites hybridus) is a herbal nutraceutical used primarily for migraine prevention and allergic rhinitis. Modern, PA-free standardized extracts (containing petasin/isopetasin) demonstrate anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and anti-leukotriene activity. Typical therapeutic dosing ranges from <strong>100–150 mg/day</strong> of standardized extract, with onset of effect in <strong>4–8 weeks</strong>. Safety hinges on removal of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs); PA-free products and regulatory monographs guide safe use in the US market.

Passionsblumen-Extrakt

Passiflora incarnata

Passion Flower Extract (Passiflora incarnata) is a standardized botanical extract used in the US as a dietary supplement to support mild anxiety relief and sleep. Rich in flavonoid C‑glycosides (notably vitexin and isovitexin) and minor alkaloids, commercial preparations are typically standardized to total flavonoids or vitexin content and dosed between <strong>250–600 mg/day</strong>. Mechanistically, multiple constituents modulate GABAergic neurotransmission (benzodiazepine-site interactions, inhibition of GABA uptake) and contribute antioxidant/anti‑inflammatory effects. Clinical evidence is moderate for mild anxiety and sleep improvement; standardized extracts and combination products (with valerian, lemon balm, melatonin or magnesium) are common. Safety is generally favorable at usual doses but caution is required with other CNS depressants, anticoagulants, MAO inhibitors, pregnancy and breastfeeding. This premium, encyclopedia‑level article presents chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, evidence summary, dosing guidance, drug interactions, product quality criteria and practical consumer tips for US users.

Zitronenmelisse-Extrakt

Melissa officinalis

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) extract is a standardized botanical used for stress reduction, sleep support and cognitive calming. This premium, science-focused guide explains what lemon balm extract is, how it works pharmacologically, the evidence for its clinical benefits, pharmacokinetics, optimal dosing, safety, drug interactions, and practical purchase criteria for the US market. The guide emphasizes evidence strength, exact dose ranges, time-to-effect, and precautions for special populations. Note: lemon balm is marketed as a dietary supplement in the US and is not FDA-approved for disease treatment. If you are taking prescription medicines or are pregnant, consult your healthcare provider before use.

Kamillen-Extrakt

Matricaria chamomilla

Chamomile extract is a multi-component botanical derived from the dried flowers (flos) of Matricaria chamomilla (also listed as Matricaria recutita). Standardized extracts and essential oils contain characteristic marker constituents — most notably the flavone <em>apigenin</em> and the sesquiterpene alcohol <em>alpha‑bisabolol</em> — which together produce anti‑inflammatory, antispasmodic, mild anxiolytic and topical wound‑healing effects. Clinical trials and pharmacological studies have tested chamomile in sleep and anxiety disorders, functional gastrointestinal spasm, dermatologic inflammation and supportive care (oral mucositis). Typical clinical dosing for standardized dry extracts ranges from <strong>300–1,200 mg/day</strong>, while traditional teas deliver variable constituent amounts. Chamomile is generally well tolerated; the principal safety concern is allergic cross‑reactivity in people allergic to Asteraceae (ragweed family) and potential pharmacodynamic interactions with anticoagulants and CNS depressants. This guide provides an evidence‑focused, US‑oriented synthesis (FDA/NCCIH context), practical dosing, product‑selection criteria and safety precautions tailored for clinicians and informed consumers.

Lavendel-Extrakt

Lavandula angustifolia

Lavender extract (Lavandula angustifolia) is a volatile, multi‑constituent botanical extract standardized around two principal terpenoids — <strong>linalool</strong> and <strong>linalyl acetate</strong) — and is clinically used as an oral anxiolytic and sleep‑support agent at standardized doses of <strong>80–160 mg/day</strong>. This premium, encyclopedia‑level guide synthesizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, multimodal mechanisms (GABAergic, serotonergic, anti‑inflammatory), clinical benefits (anxiety, sleep, perioperative relaxation, mild pain adjuncts, dementia agitation), dosing, drug interactions and US‑market quality criteria. The content is based on the supplied primary scientific dossier on Lavandula angustifolia extract and harmonized for US readers (FDA, NIH context, USD pricing and US retailers). Note: the dataset used is the primary scientific source provided by the requester; specific PubMed IDs and DOIs for individual randomized trials and meta‑analyses can be appended on request and will be verified before publication.

Hopfen-Extrakt

Humulus lupulus

Hops extract (from Humulus lupulus L.) is a botanical nutraceutical used primarily for sleep support and menopausal symptom relief. Standardized extracts concentrate hop prenylflavonoids (xanthohumol, isoxanthohumol, 8‑prenylnaringenin) and bitter acids (humulones, lupulones). Typical supplement doses range from 300–500 mg daily for sleep support and 250–500 mg daily for menopausal symptom trials; formulations and bioavailability vary widely. Clinically, hops have moderate evidence for improving sleep latency and sleep quality—often when combined with valerian—and preliminary human and robust preclinical evidence for estrogenic activity (mediated by 8‑PN), anti‑inflammatory properties (xanthohumol), and microbiome‑dependent metabolism. Safety considerations include sedation, potential interactions with CNS depressants, and avoidance in pregnancy or known hormone‑sensitive cancers. This premium, evidence‑focused guide describes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical benefits, dosing, interactions, quality selection, and practical U.S. market guidance for clinicians and informed consumers.

Kava-Kava-Extrakt

Piper methysticum

Kava kava extract is a standardized botanical preparation made from the peeled roots and rhizomes of Piper methysticum, commonly used as an evidence-supported anxiolytic and mild sedative. Standardized extracts are typically expressed as percent total kavalactones and clinical trials for anxiety most often use daily intakes equivalent to approximately 120–250 mg total kavalactones. Kava displays polypharmacology: kavalactones modulate GABA-A receptor function, inhibit voltage-gated ion channels, and affect monoaminergic signaling. The principal safety concern is rare but serious hepatotoxicity reported in the 1990s–2000s, prompting regulatory scrutiny; modern best practices prioritize root-only, noble-cultivar sourcing, aqueous extraction, and third-party testing. For adults without liver disease who avoid alcohol and hepatotoxins, kava can be a short-term option for mild-to-moderate anxiety and stress-related sleep disturbances, using standardized products, divided dosing, and periodic liver monitoring. This premium guide synthesizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical evidence, dosing, interactions, quality criteria, and practical US-market advice for clinicians, formulators, and informed consumers.

Helmkraut-Extrakt

Scutellaria lateriflora

<p><strong>Skullcap extract (from Scutellaria lateriflora) is a North American nervine botanical containing multiple flavone glycosides and aglycones—commonly standardized to <code>baicalin</code> or total flavonoids—and is used for mild anxiety and sleep support in the US supplement market.</strong> This premium, evidence-focused encyclopedia entry summarizes taxonomy, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical potential, dosing guidance, safety, drug interactions, quality selection for US consumers, and practical tips. Content synthesizes classical ethnobotany and contemporary preclinical and limited clinical evidence, highlights regulatory context under DSHEA, and points to original scientific resources and PubMed search strategies for up-to-date primary studies. The article is written for clinicians, researchers and educated consumers seeking precise, actionable information on product selection and safe use.</p>

Chinesisches Helmkraut-Extrakt

Scutellaria baicalensis

Süßholzwurzel-Extrakt

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Licorice root extract (derived from Glycyrrhiza species) is a centuries-old botanical standardized around the triterpenoid saponin glycyrrhizic acid (glycyrrhizin) and its metabolite glycyrrhetinic acid. This evidence-based guide summarizes identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, clinically supported benefits (peptic ulcer mucoprotection, topical dermatology, investigational antiviral/hepatoprotective uses), dosing guidance with a conservative chronic glycyrrhizin limit of ≤100 mg/day, safety signals (pseudohyperaldosteronism — hypertension, hypokalemia, edema), major drug interactions (diuretics, digoxin, antihypertensives), and US-focused quality and regulatory advice (DSHEA, FDA, NIH/NCCIH). It explains differences between deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) and whole extracts, compares flavonoid-rich vs glycyrrhizin-rich preparations, and provides practical selection and monitoring recommendations for consumers and clinicians. Note: specific 2020–2026 PubMed/DOI references require internet verification; a curated list of recent trial PMIDs/DOIs can be provided on request or after authorization for live literature access.

DGL (Deglycyrrhiziniertes Süßholz)

Glycyrrhiza glabra (deglycyrrhizinated)

<p><strong>DGL (Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice) is a standardized botanical extract of Glycyrrhiza root with the mineralocorticoid-active glycyrrhizin removed to minimize systemic toxicity while retaining mucoprotective flavonoids and polysaccharides.</strong> DGL is widely used in chewable, lozenge and topical paste forms to support gastric and oral mucosal health, adjunctively aid Helicobacter pylori management, and soothe oral ulcers. Clinical and mechanistic literature indicates DGL promotes mucin and prostaglandin-mediated mucosal defense, exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and demonstrates supportive clinical benefit in peptic symptom relief and aphthous ulcers when used in recommended doses (commonly <strong>380–760 mg/day</strong> in chewable formats). US regulation treats DGL as a dietary supplement under DSHEA; quality selection should prioritize verified deglycyrrhizination via Certificate of Analysis and third-party GMP testing.</p>

Tribulus-Terrestris-Extrakt

Tribulus terrestris

Tribulus terrestris extract is a standardized botanical supplement derived from the puncture‑vine (Zygophyllaceae) used across Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine and modern nutraceuticals for sexual health, athletic support and metabolic adjunctive benefits. This premium, evidence-focused guide synthesizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinically tested benefits, dosing, safety, drug interactions and US‑market quality criteria. It explains why effects in humans are mixed despite strong preclinical rationale — variability in saponin composition (notably protodioscin), extraction method, formulation and the gut microbiome drive inconsistent bioavailability and outcomes. Practical guidance includes standardized dosing ranges (commonly 250–750 mg/day; therapeutic trials up to 1,500 mg/day), recommended trial durations (minimum 8–12 weeks), key contraindications (pregnancy, hormone-sensitive cancers), and a checklist for selecting third‑party tested products (USP/NSF/ConsumerLab, protodioscin or total saponin CoA, heavy‑metal and microbial testing).

Bockshornklee-Extrakt

Trigonella foenum-graecum

Fenugreek extract (from Trigonella foenum-graecum seed) is a multi-component botanical used as a nutraceutical for glycemic control, lactation support, lipid modulation, and digestive health. Clinical trials and mechanistic studies have focused on its soluble fiber (galactomannans), saponins (diosgenin-containing glycosides), the unusual branched amino acid 4-hydroxyisoleucine (4‑HIL), and the alkaloid trigonelline. Typical evidence-based dosing ranges from powdered seed 2–15 g/day to standardized extracts 300–1,000 mg/day. Fenugreek’s mechanisms include increased gastric/intestinal viscosity delaying carbohydrate absorption, glucose-dependent insulinotropic effects (4‑HIL), bile-acid binding by saponins reducing cholesterol absorption, and modest anti-inflammatory signaling modulation. Safety is generally good at recommended doses; main concerns are gastrointestinal effects, a characteristic maple-like odor, possible allergic cross-reactivity with legumes, and clinically relevant interactions with antidiabetic and anticoagulant drugs. This premium, clinician-oriented guide summarizes identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, 8+ evidence-based benefits, dosing, interactions, contraindications, product selection for the US market (FDA/NIH context), and practical consumer advice. Note: specific 2020–2026 trial PMIDs/DOIs are not embedded here because I currently do not have live PubMed access — see the “Current Research (2020–2026)” section for how to obtain verifiable trial citations on request.

Testofen Bockshornklee

Trigonella foenum-graecum (standardized)

Testofen is a branded, standardized fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seed extract formulated to concentrate saponins (fenusides) and 4‑hydroxyisoleucine. Used in the US nutraceutical market for male libido/testosterone support, glycemic moderation, lactation, and athletic performance, Testofen has a mixed but biologically plausible clinical evidence base. This premium guide synthesizes chemistry, mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, dosing, safety, synergies, drug interactions, and practical product-selection criteria for US consumers and clinicians. Note: specific, up-to-date PubMed IDs/DOIs for 2020–2026 clinical trials require a live literature search; see the final section for how I can retrieve verified citations on request.

Tongkat-Ali-Extrakt

Eurycoma longifolia

Tongkat Ali Extract (Eurycoma longifolia root extract) is a standardized botanical supplement, typically concentrated for quassinoids like eurycomanone. Used traditionally across Southeast Asia, modern clinical studies (small-to-moderate size) support benefits for male libido, modest increases in serum testosterone, reduced cortisol (stress reduction), and improved sperm parameters when dosed typically at 200–400 mg/day of standardized extract. Human pharmacokinetic data are limited; effects are likely extract- and formulation-dependent. Safety in pregnancy/breastfeeding is not established; interactions with androgenic drugs and potential CYP-modulation are theoretical but warrant monitoring. Choose third-party tested, standardized products with Certificates of Analysis (CoA), and consult a healthcare provider for co-medications or comorbid conditions.

Ziegenkraut-Extrakt

Epimedium species

Horny Goat Weed extract (Epimedium spp.) is a standardized botanical supplement commonly quantified by its marker flavonol glycoside, icariin (CAS 489-32-7). Used traditionally in Traditional Chinese Medicine for centuries, modern extracts (typical doses 250–1,000 mg/day standardized to 1–20% icariin) are marketed in the US for sexual health, bone support, endothelial function and mild fatigue. Oral bioavailability of the intact glycoside is low (<5–10% in preclinical models); systemic exposure is driven largely by gut microbial deglycosylation to aglycones (icariside II, icaritin). Safety in short-term use is acceptable for most healthy adults but interactions with nitrates, PDE5 inhibitors and anticoagulants are clinically important. High-quality randomized trials in humans are limited; product quality varies widely, so choose standardized extracts with third-party COA and GMP certification. For precise, up-to-date citations (2020–2026 PubMed IDs/DOIs) I can fetch live literature on request.

Muira-Puama-Extrakt

Ptychopetalum olacoides

<p><strong>Muira puama (Ptychopetalum olacoides) is an Amazonian woody herbal extract used traditionally as an aphrodisiac and nerve tonic; there are <strong>0</strong> FDA‑approved clinical indications and human pharmacokinetic data are lacking.</strong></p><p>This premium, evidence-focused guide synthesizes ethnobotany, phytochemistry, preclinical pharmacology and pragmatic clinical guidance for US consumers and clinicians. It explains botanical identity, common extract forms (crude powders, hydroalcoholic tinctures, sterol/triterpene‑enriched fractions, lipid extracts), stability and storage (dry powders stable ~<strong>2–3 years</strong>), plausible pharmacokinetics (no human PK studies; lipophilic sterols have very low oral bioavailability ~<strong>≤5%</strong> in analogous plant sterols), proposed mechanisms (central dopaminergic facilitation, antioxidant activity, possible NO‑mediated peripheral vascular effects), common empirical dosing (crude powder <strong>250–1,000 mg/day</strong>, concentrated extracts <strong>50–400 mg/day</strong)), safety considerations, drug interaction precautions, quality criteria for US purchases, and practical usage tips.</p>

Damiana-Extrakt

Turnera diffusa

Damiana extract (Turnera diffusa) is a traditional Mexican botanical used for centuries as an aphrodisiac, nervine and digestive bitter. Modern commercial products are prepared from dried leaves or concentrated hydroalcoholic extracts and essential oils; typical supplemental doses range from <strong>200–600 mg/day</strong> for standardized extracts or <strong>1–2 g per cup</strong> for traditional teas. Scientific literature is dominated by phytochemical profiles and preclinical (in vitro and animal) studies that identify flavonoids, monoterpenes and phenolics as primary bioactive classes; robust, high-powered human randomized controlled trials are currently limited. This article is a comprehensive, evidence-focused encyclopedia-level review for clinicians, formulators and informed consumers in the US market, covering identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical utility, dosing, safety, interactions and practical product-selection guidance (FDA/NIH context).

Brennnesselwurzel-Extrakt

Urtica dioica

<p><strong>Nettle root extract (Urtica dioica root) is a standardized botanical preparation principally used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS); typical clinical dosing is <strong>300–600 mg/day</strong> of standardized lipophilic root extract.</strong></p><p>This premium synopsis summarizes taxonomy, chemistry, pharmacology, mechanisms, clinical uses, dosing, safety, drug interactions, product-selection criteria for the US market (FDA/DSHEA context), and practical consumer guidance. It is written for clinicians, pharmacists, nutraceutical formulators and informed consumers who want an evidence-oriented, mechanism-rich review. Note: specific PubMed IDs and DOIs are not embedded in this document because live PubMed access was not available during generation; a dedicated citation pass can be provided on request.</p>

Brennnesselblatt-Extrakt

Urtica dioica folium

Nettle leaf extract (Urtica dioica folium) is a multi‑constituent botanical used traditionally and clinically for allergic rhinitis, mild inflammatory and musculoskeletal conditions, and as a nutritive herb. Rich in phenolic acids (chlorogenic, caffeic), flavonoids (quercetin, rutin), minerals (iron, calcium, magnesium) and trace lectins, nettle leaf preparations (aqueous infusions, hydroalcoholic tinctures, standardized powders and topical gels) exert antioxidant, anti‑inflammatory and mast‑cell‑stabilizing effects through NF‑κB, MAPK and mediator‑release modulation. Typical oral dosing for standardized leaf extracts is pragmatic: <strong>300–600 mg/day</strong> (capsule) or <strong>2–3 g dried leaf/day</strong> as an infusion; topical formulations commonly contain <strong>5–10%</strong> nettle extract. Nettle leaf is generally well tolerated; key cautions include potential interaction with anticoagulants (warfarin), antihypertensives, diuretics and antidiabetic drugs. High‑quality, large randomized controlled trials specifically isolating leaf extract effects remain limited; a targeted literature update with verified PubMed IDs/DOIs is recommended to underpin product‑level claims. This article provides an evidence‑oriented, clinical and regulatory overview tailored to the US market, including formulation, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, benefits, safety, drug interactions and product‑selection criteria.

Pygeum-Extrakt

Prunus africana

Pygeum extract (Prunus africana bark extract) is a standardized botanical preparation—commonly a hexanic oil extract—used for decades to relieve lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). This premium, evidence-focused guide summarizes chemistry, pharmacology, clinical data, dosing, safety, drug interactions, product-quality criteria and practical consumer advice for the U.S. market.

Shatavari-Extrakt

Asparagus racemosus

Shatavari extract (from the dried roots of Asparagus racemosus) is a traditional Ayurvedic botanical used for millennia as a female reproductive tonic and adaptogen. Modern phytochemistry identifies a complex mix of steroidal saponins (notably shatavarins I–V), flavonoids, alkaloids (e.g., asparagamine A) and mucilaginous polysaccharides; standardized extracts are commonly expressed as % total steroidal saponins. Contemporary clinical use in the U.S. centers on lactation support (galactagogue), menstrual and menopausal symptom support, and adaptogenic/mood benefits. Typical standardized-extract supplement doses range from <strong>300–1,000 mg/day</strong>, while traditional decoctions use several grams of root powder daily. Safety data are limited but generally favorable: most reported adverse events are mild gastrointestinal complaints. Important cautions include theoretical estrogenic activity (avoid in estrogen-dependent cancers unless supervised), potential interactions with anticoagulants and drugs dependent on gut microbiota for metabolism, and limited pregnancy safety data. NOTE: This article synthesizes phytochemistry and preclinical literature; specific PubMed IDs/DOIs are referenced as placeholders (PMID: TBD) because live database access is not available in this environment—please request an evidence pull for precise citations if needed.

Dong-Quai-Extrakt

Angelica sinensis

Dong quai extract (Angelica sinensis) is a standardized botanical extract prepared from the dried root of a perennial Apiaceae plant long used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for women’s health. This premium, evidence-focused dossier synthesizes ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, safety, dosing and practical product selection for the US market. The extract contains labile volatile phthalides (notably ligustilide), phenolic acids (ferulic acid), coumarins and polysaccharides; extraction method (ethanol vs water) markedly alters constituent profile and likely clinical effects. Typical clinical dosing in supplements ranges from 500–3,000 mg/day depending on form and standardization; caution is required with anticoagulants, pregnancy, breastfeeding and hormone-sensitive conditions. Human pharmacokinetic data for whole extracts are limited; most PK knowledge is derived from constituent studies showing rapid absorption (Tmax often <2 hours), phase II conjugation and renal elimination of metabolites within 24–48 hours. Preclinical mechanisms plausibly include increased endothelial nitric oxide, antiplatelet activity, NF-kB downregulation and weak estrogen receptor modulation. High-quality randomized clinical trials are sparse and heterogeneous. This article provides practical US-centric guidance on formulation selection, quality criteria (COA, GMP, HPLC/GC-MS fingerprinting), and conservative clinical recommendations while noting where primary literature lookup is required for citation-level claims.

Rotklee-Extrakt

Trifolium pratense

Red clover extract (Trifolium pratense) is a standardized botanical supplement rich in isoflavones — typically standardized to provide between <strong>40–80 mg total isoflavones per day</strong> — used primarily to reduce menopausal vasomotor symptoms and to support bone and vascular health. The active constituents are methylated isoflavones (predominantly <em>formononetin</em> and <em>biochanin A</em>) that are partially converted by gut bacteria to <em>daidzein</em>, <em>genistein</em> and, in equol-producers, <em>S-(−)-equol</em>. Oral absorption is highly formulation- and microbiome-dependent; aglycone-enriched/fermented products can produce approximately <strong>2–4× greater systemic exposure</strong> versus glycoside-dominant extracts in pharmacokinetic studies. Use is generally limited to non-pregnant adults and should be avoided or carefully considered in people with estrogen-sensitive cancers or unstable warfarin anticoagulation. This article provides an evidence-focused, US-market–adapted, clinician-grade review covering chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical benefits, dosing, interactions, safety, quality selection, and practical tips.

Wilde-Yamswurzel-Extrakt

Dioscorea villosa

<p><strong>Wild yam extract (Dioscorea villosa rhizome extract) is a steroidal saponin–rich botanical used traditionally for colic and menstrual cramps; its principal chemical marker is <em>diosgenin</em> (CAS 512-04-9), a lipophilic spirostan sapogenin present mainly as glycosides such as <em>dioscin</em>.</strong> This 200-word summary explains composition, traditional uses, modern evidence, dosing ranges, safety, and product-selection guidance for U.S. consumers and clinicians. Wild yam is botanically classified in the family <em>Dioscoreaceae</em> and is commercialized as powdered roots, standardized extracts, tinctures, and topical creams. While diosgenin served as an industrial precursor for steroid synthesis in the 1930s (Marker process), there is no reliable evidence that ingestion or topical application of wild yam converts it into human progesterone in vivo. Most human clinical data are limited, and high-quality randomized controlled trials for menopausal symptoms, dysmenorrhea, metabolic or anticancer uses are lacking; the strongest mechanistic data derive from in vitro and animal studies showing NF-κB, MAPK and PI3K/Akt modulation. Typical consumer doses range from <strong>50–600 mg/day of extract</strong> with diosgenin-standardized products often providing <strong>~5–50 mg/day diosgenin</strong> depending on formulation. Use caution in pregnancy, breastfeeding, children, and with concomitant drugs (antidiabetics, CYP3A4 substrates, anticoagulants), and prefer third-party tested standardized extracts from reputable U.S. brands under DSHEA regulation.</p>

Mönchspfeffer-Extrakt

Vitex agnus-castus

Vitex (Chasteberry) extract is a standardized botanical derived from the dried ripe fruits of Vitex agnus-castus used primarily to treat premenstrual symptoms and cyclical mastalgia. Backed by decades of pharmacologic and clinical research, Vitex modulates the hypothalamic–pituitary axis—principally via dopaminergic D2 receptor activity to reduce prolactin—and has an evidence base of randomized-controlled trials and systematic reviews showing clinically meaningful symptom reduction for many women when taken for 2–3 menstrual cycles. This premium guide synthesizes taxonomy, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, evidence-based benefits (with onset times and effect sizes where reported), dosing, safety, interactions, product selection for the US market, practical tips, and regulatory context (FDA/NIH/EMA).

Nachtkerzen-Extrakt

Oenothera biennis

<p><strong>Evening Primrose Extract (EPE) contains concentrated gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) — typically providing <strong>300–600 mg GLA/day</strong> in therapeutic supplements — and is used primarily for skin health, menstrual symptoms, and inflammatory conditions.</strong></p><p>Evening Primrose Extract (often marketed as Evening Primrose Oil or EPO) is a standardized botanical nutraceutical derived from the seeds of <em>Oenothera biennis</em>. Its principal active is gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an omega-6 fatty acid that is a precursor to anti-inflammatory prostaglandins. EPE is available as cold-pressed oil, softgel capsules, and concentrated standardized extracts; in the U.S. market it is sold through mainstream retailers (Amazon, iHerb, Vitacost) and specialty suppliers (Thorne, NOW, Garden of Life).</p><p>This premium, evidence-focused guide reviews chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical evidence (benefits and limitations), dosing, safety, interactions, product selection, and practical tips for U.S. consumers and clinicians. Note: because I do not have live PubMed access, study citations below are provided as bibliographic references and flagged for verification; please ask if you want PMIDs/DOIs verified and inserted.</p>

Artischockenblatt-Extrakt

Cynara scolymus

Artichoke leaf extract (ALE) is a standardized, polyphenol-rich botanical extract derived from the leaves of Cynara scolymus L., used traditionally for digestive and liver support and supported by modern clinical research for functional dyspepsia and modest lipid lowering. ALE preparations typically standardize to cynarin or total caffeoylquinic acids and are dosed between <strong>300–1,200 mg/day</strong> in clinical trials. This article provides an exhaustive, evidence-informed review of ALE's chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical benefits, dosing, safety, interactions, product selection, and practical tips for US consumers and clinicians.

Löwenzahnwurzel-Extrakt

Taraxacum officinale

Dandelion root extract (Taraxacum officinale radix) is a multi-component botanical used traditionally as a bitter digestive, mild diuretic, choleretic, and prebiotic source of inulin. Modern preparations are aqueous decoctions, hydroalcoholic tinctures, powdered root and standardized extracts (commonly standardized to chicoric acid or inulin content). Pharmacology reflects a combination of non-absorbable fructans (inulin) that act as prebiotics and absorbable polyphenols (chicoric acid, chlorogenic acid, luteolin) and terpenes (taraxasterol, sesquiterpene lactones) that mediate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and mild diuretic effects. Typical supplement doses range from <strong>300–1,000 mg/day</strong> for concentrated extracts and <strong>1–3 g/day</strong> for powdered root; prebiotic actions usually require higher isolated inulin doses (commonly 5–10 g/day). Safety profile is favorable at customary doses but includes rare Asteraceae allergies, mild GI upset (1–5%), and theoretical interactions with diuretics, lithium, anticoagulants and antidiabetic drugs. Robust human randomized controlled trials are limited; most mechanistic data derive from in vitro and animal studies with growing but still modest human observational/clinical evidence.

Klettenwurzel-Extrakt

Arctium lappa

Burdock root extract (Arctium lappa L.) is a polyphenol- and inulin-rich botanical extract used as a culinary root and a traditional medicinal herb. Modern preparations include whole dried root powder, hydroalcoholic standardized extracts enriched for lignans (arctiin/arctigenin), and inulin-enriched fractions. Preclinical and limited clinical data support antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, prebiotic (inulin) and mild metabolic-modulating effects. Typical supplement doses range from <strong>300–1,500 mg/day</strong> for standardized extracts and <strong>5–10 g/day</strong> for inulin-containing prebiotic effects. Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is not recommended for concentrated extracts; allergy risk exists for individuals sensitive to the Asteraceae family. This authoritative guide synthesizes phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, evidence-based benefits, dosing, safety, drug interactions, quality criteria, and US-market practical guidance.

Ampfer-Extrakt

Rumex crispus

Yellow dock extract (Rumex crispus L. root extract) is a botanical supplement standardized variably to anthraquinones such as emodin and chrysophanol and used primarily as a short-term stimulant laxative and traditional ‘‘blood tonic.’' Commercial products typically deliver between <strong>200–900 mg/day</strong> of dry extract or <strong>2–15 mL/day</strong> of hydroalcoholic tincture. Scientific evidence for clinical benefits is limited: strongest support is for occasional constipation via anthraquinone-mediated colonic secretion and motility, while other claims (choleretic, systemic antioxidant, anemia support) remain low-evidence or traditional. Safety considerations are key: avoid in pregnancy and breastfeeding, limit continuous use to short courses (commonly <strong>2 weeks</strong>) to prevent electrolyte disturbance and laxative dependence, and screen for interactions with drugs sensitive to hypokalemia (e.g., digoxin) or CYP3A4/P-gp substrates. This evidence-based guide explains chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, dosing, interactions, and quality criteria tailored to US consumers and clinicians.

Goldenseal-Extrakt

Hydrastis canadensis

Goldenseal extract (Hydrastis canadensis root extract) is a North American herbal supplement standardized for isoquinoline alkaloids such as berberine and hydrastine. It is traditionally used for short-term digestive support and topical antimicrobial purposes and has been investigated for antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating effects. Clinical evidence in humans is limited and heterogeneous; most robust data are for berberine-containing extracts (not pure goldenseal alone). Safety considerations include strong potential for drug interactions (CYP enzymes and P-glycoprotein) and contraindication during pregnancy. This premium guide summarizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics (estimates where needed), mechanisms, 8+ evidence-backed uses with study-level summaries (PMIDs/DOIs not included — see note), dosing guidance tailored to the US market (FDA/NIH context), product-quality criteria (USP/NSF/ConsumerLab), and practical consumer recommendations for purchasing from US retailers (Amazon, iHerb, Thorne, Vitacost). Numerical values that are not reliably verifiable in this offline session are marked as "(estimate)".

Oregon-Traubenwurzel-Extrakt

Mahonia aquifolium

Oregon grape root extract (Mahonia aquifolium) is a botanical root/rhizome extract standardized by alkaloid markers (primarily berberine). Historically used by Indigenous North American peoples for topical skin infections and digestive complaints, modern preparations are sold in the US as dietary supplements and topical dermatologic products. Pharmacology is driven largely by isoquinoline alkaloids (berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, berbamine) producing antimicrobial, anti‑inflammatory and metabolic effects (AMPK activation, LDLR upregulation). Oral systemic efficacy for glycemic and lipid endpoints is supported primarily by randomized trials of purified berberine (typical oral dosing 900–1500 mg/day divided), while topical Mahonia formulations (0.5–5% extracts) show medium-level evidence for improving mild-to-moderate psoriasis and acne. Safety: GI complaints are most common; avoid in pregnancy, breastfeeding, neonates, and with narrow‑therapeutic‑index drugs (warfarin, digoxin, immunosuppressants) because of CYP/P‑gp interactions. For US consumers, choose standardized extracts with third‑party Certificates of Analysis (HPLC berberine assay), GMP manufacture, and clear labeling. I can provide validated PubMed IDs/DOIs for each cited clinical trial and meta-analysis on request.

Berberin-Extrakt

Berberis species alkaloid

Berberine extract is a yellow, protoberberine alkaloid derived from plants such as Berberis and Coptis that has been studied extensively for metabolic benefits. Clinically, standardized berberine hydrochloride is commonly dosed at <strong>500 mg two to three times daily (total <strong>1,000–1,500 mg/day</strong>)</strong> and has demonstrated consistent reductions in fasting glucose, HbA1c, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in randomized trials and meta-analyses. Despite low systemic oral bioavailability (~<strong>1–5%</strong> for standard berberine salts), clinical efficacy is explained by gut-liver axis effects, active metabolites, tissue accumulation (notably liver), and pharmacodynamic actions including <em>AMPK</em> activation and upregulation of hepatic LDL receptor expression. This encyclopedia-level guide synthesizes identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, evidence-based benefits, dosing, safety, drug interactions, quality criteria, and practical consumer guidance for the US market.

Berberitzen-Extrakt

Berberis vulgaris

Barberry extract (primarily standardized for the alkaloid berberine) is a plant-derived nutraceutical extensively researched for metabolic health. Multiple randomized trials and meta-analyses report clinically meaningful reductions in fasting glucose (typically <strong>~10–20%</strong> relative declines in glycemic endpoints) and LDL-cholesterol (typically <strong>~10–25%</strong>) after 8–12 weeks at standard trial dosages (commonly <strong>900–1500 mg/day</strong> berberine-equivalent). Barberry-derived products include whole-plant extracts, berberine salts, and engineered forms (dihydroberberine, phytosomes, lipid nanoparticles) designed to overcome low oral bioavailability (<strong>typically &lt;1% to low single-digit %</strong> for standard berberine salts). Use is supported for adults with type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, NAFLD, and metabolic syndrome as an adjunct under clinical supervision, but important drug interactions (CYP/P-gp modulation, anticoagulant and immunosuppressant risks) and contraindications (pregnancy, neonates) require caution. This article provides a complete, evidence-informed, US-focused clinical and consumer guide, including mechanisms, dosing ranges, safety, quality-selection criteria (CoA, third-party testing), and practical tips for choosing a US-market product.

Gymnema-Sylvestre-Extrakt

Gymnema sylvestre

Gymnema sylvestre extract is a standardized botanical supplement derived from the leaves of a perennial vine traditionally called “gurmar” (Hindi: “sugar destroyer”). Modern preparations are typically standardized to gymnemic acids (commonly 10–25% w/w) and are used as an adjunct for post‑prandial glycemic support, sweet‑taste suppression, and as a behavioral tool to reduce sugar intake. This premium article summarizes chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical evidence, dosing, safety, drug interactions, product selection for the US market, and practical guidance for clinicians and informed consumers. Where high‑quality human randomized controlled trials exist, we describe outcomes, measured effect sizes, and practical implications; where human data are limited, we clearly indicate preclinical evidence and translational uncertainty. If you require exact PubMed IDs or DOIs for individual trials and meta-analyses (2020–2026), I can perform a focused literature retrieval and deliver a verified citation annex on request.

Bittermelonen-Extrakt

Momordica charantia

Bitter Melon Extract (Momordica charantia) is a botanical dietary supplement used worldwide for metabolic support. Extensive preclinical data identify multiple active classes — cucurbitane-type triterpenoids, steroidal glycosides (commonly measured as “charantin”) and insulin‑like peptides — that act via AMPK activation, reduced hepatic gluconeogenesis, improved peripheral glucose uptake and intestinal alpha‑glucosidase inhibition. Clinical trials are heterogeneous but several randomized and controlled studies report modest reductions in fasting plasma glucose (mean reductions commonly in the range of <strong>10–30 mg/dL</strong>) and small decreases in HbA1c over 8–12 weeks when standardized extracts (commonly <strong>1,000–2,000 mg/day</strong>) are used as adjuncts. Safety signals include dose‑dependent gastrointestinal effects and risk of additive hypoglycemia when combined with antidiabetic drugs; pregnancy is a contraindication. Consumers in the U.S. should prefer GMP‑manufactured, third‑party tested, standardized hydroalcoholic extracts and consult clinicians if taking prescription hypoglycemic agents.

Zimtrinden-Extrakt

Cinnamomum verum

Cinnamon Bark Extract (from Cinnamomum verum or C. cassia) is a multi-component botanical used for millennia; modern standardized extracts concentrate volatile aldehydes (notably cinnamaldehyde) and polyphenols to target metabolic health, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial effects and digestive support. This premium encyclopedia article synthesizes phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, clinical benefits, dosing, safety (with an emphasis on coumarin risk), drug interactions, product selection for the US market and practical guidance — based entirely on the comprehensive research dossier you provided. Note: the section “Current Research (2020–2026)” requires live PubMed/DOI verification to add primary-study PMIDs/DOIs; please authorize a literature fetch for fully sourced, citation-level clinical trial data.

Cassia-Zimt-Extrakt

Cinnamomum cassia

<p><strong>Cassia cinnamon extract is a concentrated botanical preparation derived from the inner bark of Cinnamomum cassia that commonly contains <strong>~2–8% cinnamaldehyde in essential-oil fractions and variable coumarin levels that can exceed the EFSA tolerable daily intake of <strong>0.1 mg/kg body weight/day</strong>.</strong></p><p>This premium, evidence-focused summary describes Cassia cinnamon extract from taxonomy to pharmacology, mechanisms of action, clinically investigated benefits, safety (with emphasis on coumarin hepatotoxicity), drug interactions, dosing ranges used in trials (commonly <strong>250–2,000 mg/day</strong>), product-selection criteria for the US market (GMP, CoA, low-coumarin specification), and practical consumer guidance. The material synthesizes phytochemistry (cinnamaldehyde, coumarin, cinnamic acid, procyanidins), ADME principles for major constituents, and translational considerations for metabolic uses (glycemic control, lipids), anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial actions, and topical applications.</p><p>The article is written to serve clinicians, researchers, formulators and informed consumers seeking a rigorous, clinically oriented encyclopedic reference on Cassia cinnamon extract in the US supplement context.</p>

Cinnulin PF Zimt

Cinnamomum burmannii extract

Cinnulin PF is a proprietary, water-soluble cinnamon bark extract (derived from Cinnamomum burmannii) standardized to water-soluble polyphenols and oligomeric procyanidins. Marketed doses of Cinnulin PF-type extracts typically range from <strong>120 mg to 500 mg daily</strong> and are intended as adjunctive nutraceutical support for glycemic control, post-prandial glucose reduction, and metabolic health. Clinical evidence across cinnamon preparations is heterogeneous: early randomized trials reported fasting glucose reductions up to <strong>18–29%</strong> and lipid improvements (Khan et al. 2003, PMID:12502425), while later meta-analyses emphasize modest, inconsistent effects (Akilen et al. 2012, PMID:22534126; Allen et al. 2013, PMID:23875795). Safety considerations focus on coumarin exposure (EFSA TDI = <strong>0.1 mg/kg bw/day</strong>, DOI:10.2903/j.efsa.2004.10) and interactions with hypoglycemic and anticoagulant drugs. This premium guide synthesizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical data, dosing, interactions, and practical product-selection criteria for US consumers and clinicians.

Banaba-Blattextrakt

Lagerstroemia speciosa

<p><strong>Banaba leaf extract (Lagerstroemia speciosa) is a traditional Southeast Asian botanical standardized commonly to <em>corosolic acid</em> at 1–3% or to total ellagitannin content, and is used primarily for glycemic support.</strong> This 200-word summary explains origins, chemistry, mechanisms and practical usage for US consumers. Banaba leaves contain lipophilic pentacyclic triterpenes (notably corosolic acid, C30H48O4) and hydrophilic polyphenols (ellagitannins, gallic acid derivatives). Traditional aqueous decoctions are still used, while contemporary supplements come as standardized hydroalcoholic extracts, powders, tinctures and isolated corosolic acid formulations. Mechanistically, banaba acts via dual modalities: (1) intestinal <em>α‑glucosidase/α‑amylase</em> inhibition by tannins (reducing postprandial glucose absorption) and (2) peripheral insulin‑signaling enhancement (corosolic acid potentiates insulin receptor phosphorylation, PI3K/Akt signaling and GLUT4 translocation; may inhibit PTP1B). Typical commercial doses range from <strong>40–500 mg/day</strong>, often <strong>125–300 mg/day</strong> for glycemic support when standardized. Safety: generally well tolerated; main risks are gastrointestinal upset and pharmacodynamic hypoglycemia when combined with glucose‑lowering drugs. Quality varies — choose GMP-made, lot‑specific Certificates of Analysis showing corosolic acid or tannin assays and heavy‑metal/microbial screens. This guide provides an evidence‑focused, clinical‑style encyclopedia on banaba targeted to US prescribers, formulators and informed consumers.

Guggul-Extrakt

Commiphora wightii

Guggul extract is an oleo‑gum‑resin derived from Commiphora wightii, traditionally used in Ayurveda for arthritis and metabolic ailments. Modern standardized extracts—commonly labeled by guggulsterone content—have been studied for lipid‑lowering, anti‑inflammatory and metabolic effects with mixed clinical outcomes. Benefits are biologically plausible via FXR antagonism and NF‑κB inhibition, but human pharmacokinetic data are limited and rare hepatic adverse events have been reported. This article provides a comprehensive, evidence‑aware, US‑focused clinical summary including chemistry, mechanisms, dosing guidance, drug interactions, safety, product selection criteria and practical consumer advice.

Coleus-Forskohlii-Extrakt

Plectranthus barbatus

<p><strong>Coleus forskohlii extract is a forskolin‑standardized botanical extract derived from the root of <em>Coleus forskohlii</em> (syn. <em>Plectranthus barbatus</em>) whose primary bioactive, forskolin (chemical formula <code>C22H34O7</code>), directly activates adenylate cyclase to raise intracellular cAMP and modulate lipolysis, smooth‑muscle tone and platelet function.</strong> Commercial extracts are commonly standardized to <strong>10–20% forskolin</strong> and dosed in supplements at <strong>~25–100 mg forskolin/day</strong> (equivalent to ~250–1000 mg extract depending on standardization). The most-cited human randomized trial (Godard et al., 2005) used <strong>250 mg of 10% forskolin extract twice daily (≈50 mg forskolin/day)</strong> over 12 weeks and reported favorable changes in lean body mass in overweight males (PMID: 16020471). Use in the US is as a dietary supplement under DSHEA; safety concerns include hypotension and increased bleeding risk when combined with anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs. This article is an in-depth, evidence‑focused review for clinicians, formulators and informed consumers.</p>

Forskolin-Extrakt

Coleus forskohlii diterpene

Forskolin extract (from Coleus forskohlii) is a plant-derived labdane diterpenoid that directly activates mammalian adenylyl cyclase to raise intracellular cAMP. Used historically in Ayurvedic medicine and widely as a research reagent since the 1980s, forskolin is marketed in the US as a standardized root extract (commonly 10–20% forskolin) for niche applications: body composition support, bronchodilation adjuncts (investigational), intraocular pressure research, and general metabolic modulation. Forskolin is lipophilic, poorly water soluble, and variably absorbed after oral dosing; typical supplement regimens deliver ~25–100 mg/day of pure forskolin depending on extract standardization and formulation. Clinical evidence for metabolic or weight-loss benefits is inconsistent and limited by small trials; mechanistically, forskolin’s robust biochemical effect is well established: direct activation of adenylyl cyclase → ↑cAMP → activation of PKA/EPAC → downstream effects on lipolysis, smooth muscle relaxation, platelet function, and gene transcription. Safety concerns focus on vasodilatory effects (hypotension), interactions (anticoagulants, antihypertensives, PDE inhibitors, β-agonists), and limited pregnancy/breastfeeding data. This premium article synthesizes chemistry, mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, evidence, dosing practices, drug interactions, and US-market quality guidance. Note: I currently cannot fetch live PubMed PMIDs/DOIs for 2020–2026 primary studies in this session; I can add verified citations on request.

Garcinia-Cambogia-Extrakt

Garcinia gummi-gutta

Garcinia cambogia extract is a plant-derived nutraceutical standardized for hydroxycitric acid (HCA), a tricarboxylic-acid derivative that has been studied as an adjunct for weight management. This premium, evidence-focused encyclopedia entry synthesizes botanical identification, chemistry, mechanism (notably ATP-citrate lyase inhibition), complete pharmacokinetics, clinical trial results, safety signals (including rare hepatotoxicity reports), drug interactions, dosing recommendations, quality-picking guidance for the US market, and practical consumer advice. The article emphasizes US regulatory context (FDA, NIH/ODS), product-selection checklists (USP/NSF/ConsumerLab), and objective interpretation of randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses. Intended for clinicians, pharmacists, and informed consumers, the guide highlights that most randomized trials show modest or inconsistent weight-loss effects (typical pooled placebo-subtracted weight loss: <1–2 kg over 4–12 weeks in many meta-analyses) and underscores the importance of third-party testing and avoiding multi-ingredient formulations when monitoring safety.

Weiße-Kidneybohnen-Extrakt

Phaseolus vulgaris

White kidney bean extract (Phaseolus vulgaris extract, often standardized for the alpha-amylase inhibitor 'phaseolamin') is a plant-derived nutraceutical promoted primarily as a carbohydrate-blocking agent to modestly reduce postprandial glucose and aid weight management. I can prepare a premium, encyclopedia-level, 1,800–2,500 word article with full HTML formatting, clinical study summaries (2020–2026 prioritized), and PubMed/DOI citations — but to satisfy your explicit requirement that every scientific claim be tied to verifiable PMIDs/DOIs (minimum 6 recent studies, 2020–2026), I need live access to PubMed/DOI resolution now. Please choose: (A) Grant permission to query PubMed/DOI so I can retrieve and embed accurate PMIDs/DOIs and the latest trials and meta-analyses; or (B) Instruct me to proceed using internal knowledge through 2024-06 (I will produce a high-quality article but I will NOT be able to guarantee or provide PMIDs/DOIs for 2020–2026 literature). Which do you prefer?

Afrikanischer-Mango-Extrakt

Irvingia gabonensis

African mango extract (Irvingia gabonensis kernel extract) is a botanical nutraceutical derived from the seeds (kernels) of the West/Central African bush mango. Commercial extracts — including proprietary preparations such as IGOB131 — combine a viscous soluble-fiber fraction (galactomannans), seed oil (rich in oleic and palmitic acids), proteins, and polyphenols. Clinical research (primarily mid-2000s–2013) reports modest, short-term improvements in body weight, waist circumference and some lipid and glycemic markers when extracts (commonly **300–700 mg/day**) are used adjunctively with diet. Mechanisms are mixed: local gastrointestinal effects of viscous fiber (delayed gastric emptying, reduced macronutrient absorption), plus adipocyte-level modulation (downregulation of PPARγ/C/EBPα, reduced adipogenesis, increased lipolysis) and favorable changes in adipokines. Safety in short-term trials is acceptable; most adverse events are mild gastrointestinal complaints. Long-term (>12 months) safety and independent large RCT data are limited. This article provides a comprehensive, evidence-focused synthesis, practical dosing guidance, drug-interaction precautions (notably with antidiabetic drugs and drugs with absorption sensitive to fiber), and US-specific quality-selection tips. For an exact, verifiable bibliography with PubMed IDs/DOIs, please permit a targeted literature retrieval (recommended).

Hoodia-Gordonii-Extrakt

Hoodia gordonii

Hoodia gordonii extract is a standardized botanical preparation derived from a slow-growing succulent native to southern Africa, historically used by San peoples as a short‑term appetite suppressant. Modern commercial extracts are concentrated for pregnane glycoside content (commonly referenced as “P57” equivalents) and marketed for appetite control and weight‑management adjuncts. Scientific and regulatory scrutiny since the early 2000s revealed limited high‑quality clinical evidence for meaningful long‑term weight loss, frequent product quality concerns (adulteration and mislabeling), and unresolved pharmacokinetics in humans. Reputable selection requires certificates of analysis (HPLC/LC‑MS for pregnane glycosides), third‑party testing (NSF/ConsumerLab), and GMP manufacturing. Clinicians and consumers should treat Hoodia as an evidence‑limited supplement: potential for mild gastrointestinal adverse effects is documented, while serious cardiovascular events are more commonly linked to adulterated products. If considered, conservative short‑term use (weeks) with medical supervision, attention to product testing, and monitoring of blood pressure and glucose in at‑risk patients is recommended.

Grüner-Kaffee-Extrakt

Coffea arabica (unroasted)

Green Coffee Bean Extract (GCBE) is a standardized plant extract rich in chlorogenic acids (commonly standardized to 20–50% CGA) derived from unroasted Coffea seeds and marketed as a nutraceutical for modest weight-loss support, glycemic modulation, and antioxidant benefits. This premium, encyclopedia-level article synthesizes phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, clinical applications, dosing guidance for the U.S. market, safety, drug interactions, product-selection criteria (USP/NSF/ConsumerLab), and practical consumer tips. The article emphasizes evidence-quality, identifies mechanism-level actions (AMPK activation, gut microbiome metabolism, antioxidant and endothelial effects), and provides U.S.-specific regulatory context (DSHEA, FDA, NIH/ODS). Note: specific, verifiable PMIDs/DOIs for 2020–2026 clinical trials are not included here; I can perform a targeted PubMed/DOI retrieval and append validated citations on request.

Yerba-Mate-Extrakt

Ilex paraguariensis

Yerba mate extract (Ilex paraguariensis) is a standardized botanical supplement derived from the dried leaves and young stems of a South American holly. It provides a combined phytochemical profile of methylxanthines (notably caffeine), chlorogenic-acid polyphenols, flavonoids (e.g., rutin), and saponins. Clinical and mechanistic research supports reliable acute stimulant effects (improved alertness and exercise performance), modest metabolic benefits (increased energy expenditure, small improvements in lipids and post-prandial glucose in some trials), and antioxidant/anti-inflammatory actions. Typical supplemental dosing ranges from <strong>200–1000 mg/day of standardized extract</strong> (dose selection must account for declared caffeine mg per serving), and safety considerations center on cumulative caffeine exposure (keep total daily caffeine generally <strong>400 mg</strong> for most healthy adults). This comprehensive, evidence-focused guide summarizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical benefits, practical dosing, drug interactions and US-specific quality criteria for healthcare professionals and informed consumers.

Guarana-Extrakt

Paullinia cupana

<p><strong>Guarana extract is a concentrated botanical source of caffeine that typically supplies <em>20%–40% caffeine by weight</em>, making it one of the most caffeine-dense plant extracts used in supplements and energy products.</strong> Guarana (<em>Paullinia cupana</em>) seeds have been used for centuries in the Amazon as a stimulant; modern standardized extracts are used in the US as dietary supplements for alertness, cognitive support, and as an adjunct in some sports and weight-management formulas. This premium guide summarizes composition, pharmacology, mechanisms, clinical benefits, optimal dosing, safety, drug interactions and practical selection criteria for the US market (FDA/NIH context). It is intended for health professionals, formulators and knowledgeable consumers seeking a rigorous, evidence-focused reference.</p>

Cayennepfeffer-Extrakt

Capsicum annuum

Cayenne pepper extract (standardized capsaicinoids) is a spice-derived botanical nutraceutical most notable for its principal active alkaloid, capsaicin (molecular formula <code>C18H27NO3</code>). <strong>Typical commercial oral supplements provide between <em>0.5–10 mg</em> capsaicin-equivalents per day, while topical formulations range from <em>0.025%–0.075%</em> (OTC) to an <em>8% prescription patch</em> used in clinics.</strong> This extract acts primarily through the TRPV1 receptor on sensory neurons to produce immediate nociceptive signaling followed by desensitization, and systemically it can increase sympathetic tone and thermogenesis. Clinical use divides into two validated areas: (1) localized neuropathic pain relief with high‑concentration topical capsaicin (single 8% patch applications providing weeks–months of analgesia) and (2) modest oral thermogenic/appetite-modulating effects for weight-management adjunctive use. Common side effects include transient topical burning and gastrointestinal upset with oral use; serious systemic toxicity from nutraceutical dosing is uncommon. Consumers in the U.S. should select standardized extracts (HPLC-verified capsaicinoid content), prefer lipid-based softgels for oral bioavailability, avoid inhaling powdered extracts, and consult healthcare providers when using anticoagulants, drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, or managing GI/respiratory disease.

Capsimax Cayenne

Capsicum annuum (encapsulated)

Capsimax Cayenne is a microencapsulated capsicum (Capsicum annuum) extract standardized for capsaicinoids and formulated to deliver intestinal-release capsaicin for metabolic support. Backed by mechanistic research on TRPV1 activation and clinical studies of capsaicinoids for thermogenesis, appetite modulation and modest improvements in weight and metabolic markers, Capsimax aims to provide the benefits of chili-derived capsaicinoids (typically 2–6 mg capsaicinoids/day) while minimizing oral and gastric irritation through a proprietary microencapsulation matrix. This article synthesizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical uses, dosing, safety, drug interactions, quality selection and practical guidance for US consumers and clinicians.

Schwarzer-Pfeffer-Extrakt

Piper nigrum

BioPerine

Piper nigrum 95% piperine

BioPerine® is the trade name for a standardized piperine extract (black pepper, Piper nigrum) typically standardized to approximately <strong>95% piperine</strong>. As a low-dose nutraceutical adjuvant (commonly <strong>5 mg per serving</strong>), BioPerine is used across the US supplement market to increase oral bioavailability of poorly absorbed botanicals (most notably curcumin), acting via intestinal enzyme inhibition (UGTs, CYPs) and efflux transporter (P‑gp) modulation. This encyclopedia-level overview synthesizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, evidence-based benefits, practical dosing, safety, drug interaction risks, quality selection criteria, and US regulatory context. The content draws exclusively on the supplied primary dataset (identification, history, chemistry, PK, mechanisms, dosage, safety) and industry/regulatory sources (PubChem; Sabinsa product literature; FDA/ODS guidance). Where recent 2020–2026 primary clinical PMIDs/DOIs are requested, the source dataset indicates PubMed querying is required — see the Current Research section for details and a request to permit PubMed lookup to add precise PMIDs/DOIs for 2020–2026 studies.

Resveratrol (Japanischer Staudenknöterich)

Polygonum cuspidatum

Resveratrol (principally sourced from Polygonum cuspidatum, Japanese knotweed) is a plant-derived stilbenoid polyphenol (IUPAC: 5-[(E)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]benzene-1,3-diol; CAS 501-36-0) widely used as a nutraceutical for cardiovascular, metabolic and anti‑inflammatory support. Commercial supplements typically supply the biologically active <strong>trans‑resveratrol</strong> isomer; standard consumer doses range from <strong>150–500 mg/day</strong>, while clinical trials have explored <strong>50 mg to 2,000+ mg/day</strong). Resveratrol has strong preclinical evidence for activation/modulation of <em>SIRT1</em>, <em>AMPK</em> and <em>Nrf2</em> pathways, and human trials show modest improvements in endothelial function, triglycerides and some inflammatory biomarkers. Oral bioavailability of the unchanged parent molecule is very low (<strong>&lt;1% typical</strong>) due to rapid intestinal/hepatic glucuronidation and sulfation; therefore, micronized, lipid-based and complexed formulations or co‑administration with bioenhancers (piperine, quercetin) are used to improve systemic exposure. Safety is generally good at typical doses, but higher doses (>1 g/day) increase gastrointestinal complaints and may potentiate bleeding when combined with anticoagulants. This article provides an exhaustive, evidence‑focused, US‑specific guide: chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical benefits, dosing, interactions, contraindications, product selection, and practical tips.

Quercetin-Extrakt

Sophora japonica

Quercetin extract is a concentrated flavonol (3,3',4',5,7‑pentahydroxyflavone) widely used as a dietary supplement for antioxidant, anti‑inflammatory, endothelial and adjunctive immune support. <strong>Typical supplemental doses range from <em>250–1,000 mg/day</em>, and many clinical studies use 500 mg/day as a common active dose.</strong> Extracts are sourced from plants (e.g., <em>Sophora japonica</em>, onion skin, capers) and are available as aglycone powders, glycosides, phytosome complexes and nano/liposomal formulations designed to overcome inherent poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability. Quercetin undergoes extensive phase II metabolism (glucuronidation, sulfation, O‑methylation); circulating forms are primarily conjugates rather than free aglycone. This article is a comprehensive, evidence‑focused, US‑market adaptation of available preclinical and clinical knowledge; detailed PubMed/DOI citations for individual trials are noted as pending where institutional web access is required to insert verified PMIDs/DOIs — request PubMed access to finalize study identifiers.

Rutin-Extrakt

Sophora japonica flavonoid

Rutin extract (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) is a plant-derived flavonol glycoside widely used as a nutraceutical for vascular support, antioxidant activity, and microcirculation health. Chemically identified as C27H30O16, rutin is most commonly sourced from Sophora japonica and buckwheat and is marketed in powder, capsule, phytosome, and topical forms. Typical supplemental doses range from 250–500 mg/day for general antioxidant and capillary support and up to 500–1,000 mg/day for clinical venous symptom protocols. Rutin itself has low oral bioavailability as the intact glycoside (<10% as parent compound), and systemic exposure primarily reflects deglycosylation to quercetin and subsequent glucuronide/sulfate/methyl conjugates. Clinical literature supports modest benefits in chronic venous insufficiency, capillary fragility, and biomarkers of oxidative stress; preclinical evidence supports anti-inflammatory, endothelial-protective and neuroprotective mechanisms. Rutin is generally well tolerated; main precautions include potential additive bleeding risk with anticoagulants, reduced iron absorption via chelation, and uncertainty in pregnancy/breastfeeding. This premium guide synthesizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, evidence-based indications, dosing guidance, interactions, product-quality criteria for the US market, and practical consumer advice. Note: specific recent PubMed IDs/DOIs are not embedded here due to offline limitations; see the final section for how to obtain verified study identifiers.

Hesperidin-Extrakt

Citrus sinensis

Hesperidin extract is a standardized citrus flavanone glycoside used as a nutraceutical for vascular support, antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory benefits. Clinical trials commonly test doses of <strong>300–1,000 mg/day</strong>, with many trials using <strong>500 mg/day</strong). Hesperidin is a 7‑rutinoside glycoside of hesperetin (chemical formula <code>C28H34O15</code>, molar mass <strong>610.56 g·mol⁻¹</strong>). Oral bioavailability of the parent glycoside is low (<strong>&lt;10%</strong> in many formulations) because intestinal and colonic deglycosylation to the aglycone <em>hesperetin</em> and microbial metabolites drive absorption. This guide synthesizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, eight+ clinically relevant benefits, dosing guidance, safety, drug interactions, product selection criteria for the US market (FDA/NIH context), and practical consumer advice.

Zitrus-Bioflavonoide-Extrakt

Citrus species

Citrus Bioflavonoids Extract is a standardized botanical extract derived from citrus peels and pulp that contains a mixture of flavanone glycosides (e.g., hesperidin, naringin), aglycones (hesperetin, naringenin), and polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs). Typical supplemental dosing ranges from <strong>200–1,000 mg/day</strong>. This extract is used clinically and nutraceutically for venous health (micronized purified flavonoid fractions, MPFF), endothelial support, metabolic modulation, and as an antioxidant adjunct. Oral bioavailability varies by form: unmodified glycosides often show <strong>~&lt;10% systemic exposure</strong> to parent aglycone equivalents, while aglycone-enriched or phytosome formulations commonly report multi-fold improvements. Safety is favorable at customary doses, but clinically important interactions (notably grapefruit-derived PMFs/naringin with CYP3A4 substrates) require caution. This guide synthesizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical uses, dosing, interactions, and US market and regulatory context for clinicians, formulators, and informed consumers.

Granatapfel-Extrakt

Punica granatum

Pomegranate extract (Punica granatum extract) is a polyphenol-rich botanical supplement widely used in the United States to support cardiovascular health, antioxidant defenses, and metabolic function. Standardized extracts concentrate ellagitannins—especially punicalagins—and ellagic acid derivatives that are responsible for most bioactivity. Clinical trials and mechanistic research report improvements in endothelial function, reductions in systolic blood pressure, favorable effects on lipid oxidation, and modest improvements in markers of insulin sensitivity when used at typical daily doses of 300–1,000 mg for 8–12 weeks (results vary by extract standardization and study population) [citation needed]. Pomegranate extract is generally well tolerated but can interact with anticoagulants and drugs metabolized by hepatic enzymes; pregnant or nursing individuals should consult a clinician before use. High-quality US products carry third-party certifications such as USP, NSF, or ConsumerLab and are sold through mainstream retailers (Amazon, iHerb, GNC, Vitacost, Thorne). This encyclopedia-level guide explains chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, evidence for at least eight clinical benefits, dosing, safety, drug interactions, and practical buying advice for the US market.

Acai-Beeren-Extrakt

Euterpe oleracea

Açaí (Euterpe oleracea) berry extract is an anthocyanin‑rich botanical supplement derived from the Amazonian palm fruit; freeze‑dried pulp or standardized extracts supply polyphenols (notably cyanidin-3‑glucoside) and a unique lipid fraction. This premium review synthesizes chemical composition, mechanisms (Nrf2, NF‑κB modulation), pharmacokinetics (parent anthocyanin bioavailability typically <1%), practical dosing ranges (common supplement doses: 1,000–3,000 mg freeze‑dried pulp or 100–300 mg anthocyanins/day), safety considerations (rare GI effects; potential interaction with warfarin and antidiabetics), and US‑focused buying guidance (look for anthocyanin standardization, CoA, third‑party testing such as USP/NSF). The article explains which populations may benefit, realistic onset times (acute antioxidant effects within hours; chronic biomarker changes 4–12 weeks), formulation tradeoffs (freeze‑dried pulp vs standardized extract vs liposomal), and research limitations. Note: specific peer‑reviewed study PMIDs/DOIs are not embedded here because a live literature query is required to fetch up‑to‑date identifiers; I can perform and append a verified study list on request.

Goji-Beeren-Extrakt

Lycium barbarum

Goji Berry Extract (Lycium barbarum) is a botanical phytocomplex widely used as a traditional tonic and modern dietary supplement. Standard commercial extracts are enriched either for Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) or for carotenoids (notably zeaxanthin dipalmitate). Preclinical data support antioxidant, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective mechanisms, while limited human trials report improvements in subjective fatigue, some oxidative biomarkers, and retinal carotenoid accumulation when standardized carotenoids are provided with dietary fat. Safety is generally good at customary dietary doses, but clinically important interactions (notably with warfarin) have been reported. This article provides a complete, evidence-focused, clinical and practical encyclopedia entry for US clinicians, formulators and informed consumers — covering identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical benefits, dosing ranges, interactions, contraindications, quality criteria and practical tips for selection on the US market.

Mangostan-Extrakt

Garcinia mangostana

<p><strong>Mangosteen extract contains more than <em>40 distinct xanthones</em> in the pericarp, with <strong>alpha‑mangostin</strong> as the most abundant bioactive (typical standardized extracts supply <strong>20–100 mg alpha‑mangostin/day</strong>).</strong></p><p>Mangosteen extract (Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract) is a lipophilic botanically derived dietary‑supplement ingredient sold in capsules, powders, juices and topical preparations in the US market. The pericarp is enriched in xanthones (polyphenolic tricyclic ketones), tannins and flavonoids; alpha‑mangostin (IUPAC: 1,3,6‑trihydroxy‑7‑methoxy‑2,8‑bis(3‑methylbut‑2‑enyl)‑9H‑xanthen‑9‑one) and gamma‑mangostin are principal constituents. Preclinical and limited clinical data indicate antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory activity mediated by NF‑κB suppression and Nrf2 activation, while oral bioavailability of parent xanthones is low (<10% for naive formulations) unless enhanced by lipid‑based delivery. This evidence‑focused guide translates chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, benefits, dosing strategies (typical daily extract: <strong>100–600 mg</strong>) and US‑market selection criteria (FDA/NIH context, CoA, third‑party testing). It is written for clinicians, researchers and informed consumers seeking a rigorous, practical reference on mangosteen extract as a nutraceutical adjunct.</p>

Noni-Extrakt

Morinda citrifolia

Noni extract (Morinda citrifolia) is a multi-component botanical derived from the ripe fruit (and sometimes leaves/roots) traditionally used across Polynesia and Southeast Asia for wound care, pain, and general tonic effects. Modern commercial preparations include fresh or fermented juice, pasteurized juice, spray‑dried powders, and standardized hydroalcoholic extracts. Noni contains diverse phytochemical classes — iridoid glycosides (asperulosidic acid), coumarins (scopoletin), anthraquinones (damnacanthal), flavonoids, polysaccharides and fatty acids — which together show antioxidant, anti‑inflammatory, immunomodulatory and cytoprotective activities in preclinical models. Human clinical evidence is limited and heterogeneous; safety signals include rare idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity reports and the potential for hyperkalemia in patients with renal impairment or on potassium‑sparing drugs. Quality varies widely across products; prefer third‑party tested, GMP‑made standardized extracts or pasteurized juices with Certificate of Analysis. This article syntheses chemistry, mechanisms, PK caveats, evidence levels, dosing guidance, drug interactions, contraindications, and practical selection tips for the US market. Note: I currently do not have live PubMed access in this session to fetch or verify PMIDs/DOIs for recent (2020–2026) trials; a follow‑up literature retrieval can be performed on request to add verified study citations.

Sanddorn-Extrakt

Hippophae rhamnoides

Sea buckthorn extract (Hippophae rhamnoides) is a multi-component botanical extract derived from the berries, seeds and pulp of a hardy shrub used traditionally across Eurasia. Rich in carotenoids, vitamin C, tocopherols, phytosterols and a rare omega‑7 fatty acid (palmitoleic acid), sea buckthorn is marketed in the US as oral oils, microencapsulated powders, standardized flavonoid extracts and topical formulations. Clinical and preclinical evidence supports roles in skin barrier repair, ocular surface health (dry eye), modest lipid modulation, antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effects and mucosal protection. Typical oral oil doses used in trials and products range from 500–1,000 mg/day (commonly up to 2,000 mg/day); absorption of lipophilic constituents is enhanced when taken with dietary fat. Sea buckthorn extracts are generally well tolerated, with mild GI effects and rare topical allergic reactions. High-quality products include lot COAs, standardization to marker compounds (isorhamnetin or palmitoleic acid), low peroxide values and third-party testing (USP/NSF/ConsumerLab). Note: this article summarizes mechanistic and clinical evidence but does not include live PubMed/DOI retrieval — permission to perform a live literature search is requested to append precise PMIDs/DOIs to every cited study.

Amla-Extrakt

Phyllanthus emblica

Amla extract (Indian gooseberry, Emblica officinalis) is a concentrated botanical source of vitamin C, polyphenols and tannins used in dietary supplements to support antioxidant status, collagen synthesis, digestion and metabolic health. This premium, evidence-focused guide explains chemical composition, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, clinically studied benefits, dosing strategies for US consumers, safety, drug interactions, product-selection criteria (USP/NSF/ConsumerLab) and practical usage tips. The article emphasizes regulatory context (FDA/NIH), US retail options and cites limitations on recent-study identifiers where appropriate.

Triphala-Extrakt

Emblica/Terminalia blend

Triphala Extract is a traditional Ayurvedic polyherbal extract composed of three dried fruits — Emblica officinalis (Amla), Terminalia bellirica (Bibhitaki) and Terminalia chebula (Haritaki) — traditionally blended in a 1:1:1 ratio and formulated today as powders, aqueous or hydroalcoholic standardized extracts, capsules and topical oral rinses. Modern phytochemistry identifies vitamin C, gallic and ellagic acids, chebulinic/chebulagic tannins and flavonoids as principal actives. Preclinical data indicate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and gut-microbiome-modulating activities; small human trials support topical oral benefits (gingivitis/plaque) and modest improvements in bowel regularity and metabolic markers. Typical supplemental dosing ranges from 250–1500 mg/day for standardized extracts, while traditional powdered bedtime doses for laxative effect are 1–3 g. Triphala may reduce iron absorption and can interact pharmacodynamically with anticoagulants and antidiabetics; it is generally well tolerated but can cause dose-dependent gastrointestinal symptoms. This article provides an evidence-focused, clinically oriented, US-centric encyclopedia guide including chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, benefits, dosing, interactions, quality criteria and practical consumer advice.

Arjuna-Extrakt

Terminalia arjuna

Terminalia arjuna extract — a standardized bark phytocomplex used for centuries in Ayurveda — is marketed in the US as a cardioprotective dietary supplement. Contemporary phytochemistry identifies pentacyclic triterpenoids (e.g., arjunolic acid), tannins and flavonoids as major constituents. Typical standardized oral doses range from <strong>250–500 mg/day</strong> (common commercial range) with clinical biomarker changes measured over <strong>6–12 weeks</strong>. Preclinical and small clinical trials suggest antioxidant, endothelial-supportive, mild ACE-inhibitory and myocardial protective effects. Strong pharmacologic plausibility exists, but large randomized controlled trials and comprehensive human pharmacokinetics are limited. Key safety cautions: potential pharmacodynamic interactions with antihypertensives and anticoagulants, and insufficient data in pregnancy and lactation. This article provides an exhaustive, evidence-focused, US-oriented guide to chemistry, mechanisms, clinical data, dosing, interactions and product selection for health professionals and informed consumers.

Mucuna-Pruriens-Extrakt

Mucuna pruriens

Mucuna pruriens extract (velvet bean) is a seed-derived herbal supplement notable for its content of the dopamine precursor L‑3,4‑dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‑DOPA), which can comprise approximately <strong>1–7%</strong> of raw seed weight and up to higher percentages in standardized extracts. This encyclopedia‑level guide synthesizes botanical identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, evidence‑based clinical benefits (Parkinsonian motor improvement, male fertility, mood/drive, antioxidant/neuroprotective potential), safety, drug interactions, dosing guidance and US‑market quality criteria. The article emphasizes clinical context: plant‑sourced L‑DOPA has pharmacology comparable to pharmaceutical levodopa but differs in purity, formulation, and the absence of routinely co‑formulated peripheral aromatic L‑amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) inhibitors such as carbidopa. Consumers and clinicians should treat standardized Mucuna extracts as pharmacologically active supplements, verify Certificates of Analysis (CoA) for L‑DOPA content and contaminant testing, and consult prescribers before use—especially if taking MAO inhibitors, antipsychotics, antihypertensives, anticoagulants, or iron supplements. This concise summary is followed by a complete, richly formatted 1,800–2,300 word HTML article with practical US‑focused recommendations, product selection guidance (USP/NSF/ConsumerLab considerations) and a structured FAQ.

Moringa-Blattextrakt

Moringa oleifera

Moringa leaf extract is a standardized botanical nutraceutical derived from the dried leaves of Moringa oleifera. Rich in flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol), phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid), glucosinolates (glucomoringin) and isothiocyanates (moringin), it combines concentrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and metabolic-support activities with a nutrient-dense profile (vitamins A, C, E; calcium, iron, potassium). Modern preparations range from whole-leaf powder (1–6 g/day) to hydroalcoholic or isothiocyanate-enriched standardized extracts (commonly 300–600 mg/day). Clinical studies show medium-level evidence for modest improvements in fasting glucose, lipids and inflammatory biomarkers over 4–12 weeks when quality-controlled leaf extracts are used as adjuncts. Safety is good for leaf preparations at customary doses but root/bark parts are contraindicated in pregnancy. Quality selection should prioritize clear botanical identification, third-party Certificates of Analysis (heavy metals, microbes), and standardization to marker compounds such as glucomoringin or total polyphenols.

Chlorella-Extrakt

Chlorella vulgaris

Chlorella extract is a concentrated nutraceutical derived from the freshwater microalga Chlorella (most commonly Chlorella vulgaris). Containing roughly <strong>45–60% protein by dry weight</strong> along with chlorophyll, lutein, B‑vitamins and polysaccharides, chlorella extracts are used in the US market for nutritional repletion, antioxidant support, immune modulation and adjunctive detoxification. This evidence‑based overview synthesizes chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical uses, dosing ranges (typical clinical dosing: <strong>2–6 g/day whole biomass</strong> or <strong>6–20 mg/day lutein</strong> when standardized), safety considerations, drug interactions, and practical product selection criteria for US consumers and clinicians. Note: specific peer‑reviewed PMIDs/DOIs are not embedded in this offline report; if you require verifiable PubMed identifiers for 2020–2026 studies, permit a live literature retrieval and I will append exact citations.

Spirulina-Extrakt

Arthrospira platensis

Spirulina extract (Arthrospira platensis/massima) is a concentrated cyanobacterial supplement delivering a unique pigment-protein (phycocyanin), high-quality protein (~50–70% dry weight), and micronutrients; typical consumer dosing is <strong>1–3 g/day</strong> for general support or up to <strong>4–8 g/day</strong> in clinical research. This premium guide explains chemistry, mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, evidence-based benefits, dosing, drug interactions, safety, and how to choose high-quality products on the US market (FDA/NIH context). Note: I cannot attach live PubMed PMIDs/DOIs in this session; I can run a literature retrieval and append verified citations on request.

Phycocyanin-Extrakt

Spirulina platensis pigment

Phycocyanin extract is a water-soluble blue phycobiliprotein derived from Arthrospira (commercially “Spirulina”) that delivers antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activity primarily via its tetrapyrrole chromophore, phycocyanobilin. Typical commercial supplements supply **100–1,000 mg/day** of purified phycocyanin (most commonly **200–500 mg/day**). Unlike whole Spirulina, purified phycocyanin is standardized for pigment content (purity often reported as an A620/A280 ratio where >3.5 indicates analytical grade) and used both as a nutraceutical and a natural blue food colorant. Mechanistically, preclinical evidence supports NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibition, Nrf2/ARE activation (increasing HO-1, NQO1, and glutathione enzymes), and suppression of NF-κB‑driven cytokine production; human clinical data are limited and composed mainly of small biomarker and exercise-recovery trials. Safety concerns focus on product purity (microcystin and heavy metal contamination in poorly controlled Spirulina sources) and potential pharmacodynamic interactions with anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs. This article provides a complete, clinically oriented, evidence-aware encyclopedia entry for US clinicians, researchers and informed consumers.

Aloe-Vera-Extrakt

Aloe barbadensis miller

Aloe vera extract (from Aloe barbadensis Miller) is a multi-component botanical used topically for wound and burn care and orally in limited contexts; inner-leaf gel (acemannan-rich) supports skin repair while latex (aloin-rich) provides a stimulant laxative effect—use oral products that are decolorized/standardized to minimize anthraquinone exposure. This evidence-based guide synthesizes chemistry, mechanisms, clinical benefits, safety, dosing, quality selection and practical tips for the US market.

Rotulmen-Rindenextrakt

Ulmus rubra

Slippery elm bark extract (inner bark of Ulmus rubra) is a mucilage‑rich herbal demulcent used traditionally by Native American tribes and modern herbalists for throat and gastrointestinal mucosal soothing. The active fraction is high‑molecular‑weight polysaccharide mucilage (arabinogalactans, rhamnogalacturonans) that forms a viscous, mucoadhesive gel in water and on mucosal surfaces. Typical traditional oral doses range from <strong>2–9 g/day</strong> of powdered bark or <strong>300–500 mg</strong> capsule equivalents; lozenges often contain <strong>200–400 mg</strong> per unit. Systemic absorption of the mucilage is negligible; effects are primarily physical (coating, lubrication), with limited low‑quality clinical evidence supporting symptomatic relief for sore throat and GI irritation. Safety concerns focus on potential reduction of oral drug absorption (separate dosing by <strong>2–4 hours</strong> for narrow‑therapeutic‑index drugs), rare allergic reactions, and quality/sustainability of wild‑harvested bark. This guide synthesizes ethnobotany, pharmacognosy and available clinical/practical data for clinicians and informed consumers in the U.S.

Eibischwurzel-Extrakt

Althaea officinalis

Marshmallow root extract (Althaea officinalis L., radix) is a mucilage-rich botanical used for centuries as a demulcent for irritated mucous membranes and as a topical soothing agent. Modern extracts concentrate high-molecular-weight polysaccharides (arabinogalactans, rhamnogalacturonans) plus flavonoids and phenolic acids that together provide a physical film-forming barrier and supplementary antioxidant/anti-inflammatory activity. Commercial forms include aqueous standardized extracts, glycerites, syrups and lozenges — each optimized for local mucosal contact or topical skin application. Traditional dosing uses 2–5 g dried root as infusion 2–3 times daily; contemporary concentrated extracts commonly range from 300–1,500 mg/day depending on standardization and indication. Marshmallow root is generally well tolerated; main cautions are potential interference with oral drug absorption and sugar content in syrups. High-quality clinical RCTs are limited; regulatory assessments (EMA/ESCOP) recognize traditional use. For precise, up-to-date RCT citations (2020–2026) and PubMed IDs/DOIs, a targeted literature search is recommended and can be performed on request.

Pfefferminzblatt-Extrakt

Mentha x piperita

Peppermint Leaf Extract (Mentha x piperita) is a botanically derived supplement containing volatile monoterpenes (notably menthol/menthone) and polar phenolics (notably rosmarinic acid). It is used clinically and as a nutraceutical for intestinal antispasmodic effects (enteric-coated peppermint oil for IBS), topical cooling/analgesia, breath-freshening, and antioxidant support. This premium, evidence-focused encyclopedia article summarizes taxonomy, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical uses, dosing, safety, drug interactions, quality criteria, and US-market guidance. Note: specific recent (2020–2026) PubMed/DOI citations are not included here because live literature retrieval was not permitted; reply 'ALLOW_WEB' to fetch verified PMIDs/DOIs and add them to the Clinical Studies section.

Fenchelsamen-Extrakt

Foeniculum vulgare

Fennel seed extract (Foeniculum vulgare) is a botanically derived supplement used for digestive complaints, infantile colic, menstrual pain, lactation support and mild menopausal symptoms. Standardized extracts and essential oils contain phenylpropenes (notably trans‑anethole and estragole), monoterpenes (fenchone, limonene) and flavonoids (quercetin/kaempferol glycosides). Clinical trials and preclinical studies support antispasmodic, carminative, mild estrogenic and antioxidant activities; however, safety concerns focus on estragole’s rodent genotoxicity at high doses. Typical adult supplemental doses in randomized trials and traditional use range from approximately 200–600 mg/day of standardized hydroalcoholic seed extract or 1–2 g of seed infusion daily. NOTE: I cannot provide verifiable PubMed IDs/DOIs in this offline environment; to obtain validated primary-study citations (2020–2026) please allow a web search and I will append exact PMIDs/DOIs and PubMed links.

Enzianwurzel-Extrakt

Gentiana lutea

Gentian root extract (Gentiana lutea L., root) is a traditional European bitter botanical standardized most commonly to secoiridoid glycosides such as gentiopicroside and amarogentin. Used for centuries as an aperitif, stomachic and choleretic, modern preparations—tinctures, standardized dry extracts and whole dried root—are marketed in the US as dietary supplements. The extract’s principal mechanism for digestive indications is activation of bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) in the oral and gastrointestinal mucosa, producing vagal and enteroendocrine reflexes that increase salivation, gastric acid, pancreatic enzyme and bile secretion. Clinical evidence for single-agent gentian root in randomized controlled trials is limited; most human data derive from traditional monographs, observational use, and combination-product studies with artichoke or other bitter herbs. Typical commercial dosing ranges from 250–1000 mg/day for standardized dry extracts or 2–4 mL of 1:5 tincture taken 15–30 minutes before meals. Safety profile is generally favorable at traditional doses; common adverse events are gastrointestinal (nausea, cramps, diarrhea). Avoid in biliary obstruction, pregnancy, and when alcohol-containing tinctures are contraindicated. For clinical decisions and precise bibliographic citations, a targeted literature search (PMIDs/DOIs) is recommended.

Andrographis-Extrakt

Andrographis paniculata

Andrographis extract (from Andrographis paniculata) is a standardized botanical supplement rich in diterpenoid lactones — chiefly andrographolide — used worldwide for short-term support of upper respiratory tract symptoms and as an anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory agent. Commercial extracts are typically standardized to approximately <strong>10–30% andrographolide</strong>. Clinical trials and systematic reviews report modest reductions in symptom severity and duration for uncomplicated common cold/URTI when standardized extracts are used at commonly studied doses (typical extract dosing range <strong>300–900 mg/day</strong>, depending on andrographolide content). Andrographis is regulated as a dietary supplement in the U.S.; it is generally well tolerated short-term, but has clear contraindications (notably pregnancy) and important drug-interaction cautions (anticoagulants, immunosuppressants). This article is a complete, science-focused, practical guide for clinicians, pharmacists, and informed consumers in the U.S. market.

Neemblatt-Extrakt

Azadirachta indica

Neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica leaf extract) is a complex, traditional botanical used for >2,000 years across South Asia for skin, dental, anti-parasitic and insect-repellent uses. Modern standardized extracts contain limonoids (nimbolide, gedunin, azadirachtin in seed-focused products), flavonoids, tannins and polysaccharides. Typical oral supplement doses range from <strong>100–1,000 mg/day</strong> (common consumer doses: <strong>300–500 mg/day</strong>). Clinical evidence is strongest for topical/oral hygiene and topical insect-repellency; systemic human data are limited and principally preclinical. Safety: avoid neem seed oil ingestion in infants; do not use in pregnancy. This premium encyclopedia article synthesizes chemistry, mechanisms, dosing, safety, product selection and practical US-market guidance based on comprehensive preclinical and regulatory source material.

Brahmi-Extrakt

Centella asiatica

Shankhpushpi-Extrakt

Convolvulus pluricaulis

Shankhpushpi Extract (Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy) is a classical Ayurvedic medhya herb used for cognitive support, anxiety reduction and nervous-system calming. Contemporary research (predominantly preclinical) identifies active constituents such as <em>scopoletin</em>, <em>kaempferol</em> and convolvine-type alkaloids; standardized hydroalcoholic extracts (typical market doses 250–500 mg/day) are sold as nootropic/adaptogenic dietary supplements in the US. Human randomized controlled trial evidence is limited; most mechanistic and efficacy data come from animal behavioral models, in vitro antioxidant and enzyme assays, and constituent-level pharmacology. This article provides an authoritative encyclopedia-level review of identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, evidence-based benefits, dosing guidance, safety, drug interactions and practical selection criteria for US consumers and clinicians.

Jatamansi-Extrakt

Nardostachys jatamansi

Jatamansi Extract (Nardostachys jatamansi) is an aromatic Himalayan root/rhizome extract used traditionally in Ayurveda and Tibetan medicine as a nervine, sedative and cognitive tonic. Contemporary phytochemical research identifies oxygenated sesquiterpenes (notably <em>nardosinone</em> and <em>jatamansone</em>), neolignans and phenolics as principal constituents; formulations include dried root powder, hydroalcoholic standardized extracts (titrated to marker sesquiterpenes), steam‑distilled essential oil, and supercritical CO2 concentrates. Preclinical models (rodent behavioral tests and cellular assays) provide evidence for sedative–anxiolytic actions via modulation of GABAergic tone, neurotrophic effects through ERK/CREB/BDNF signaling, antioxidant/Nrf2 activation and anti‑inflammatory (NF‑κB/iNOS/COX‑2) effects. Human randomized controlled trials are sparse to non‑existent in the peer‑reviewed literature as of the primary source provided; therefore clinical dosage guidance is based on traditional practice and commercial formulations (common ranges: <strong>200–600 mg/day</strong> for standardized oral extracts). Use in pregnancy, lactation and pediatrics lacks safety data; caution with CNS depressants, sedative medications, anticonvulsants and anticoagulants is advised. This comprehensive article presents identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics (preclinical-based), mechanisms, eight science‑backed benefit summaries (with evidence level statements), dosing rationale, interaction cautions, product selection criteria for the US market, and practical consumer guidance.

He-Shou-Wu-Extrakt

Polygonum multiflorum

He Shou Wu (Polygonum multiflorum, also marketed as “Fo‑ti”) is a traditional Chinese medicinal root used for centuries as a tonic for hair pigment, vitality, and ‘liver/kidney’ nourishment. Modern phytochemistry identifies two principal marker classes: the hydrophilic stilbene glycoside TSG (2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside) and lipophilic anthraquinones such as emodin. Contemporary preparations vary: aqueous decoctions and processed (zhi) root favor TSG and polysaccharides, while ethanol extracts concentrate anthraquinones and carry higher reported hepatotoxic risk. Typical commercial extract dosing ranges from <strong>200–1,000 mg/day</strong> (common market range), while traditional decoctions commonly use <strong>6–12 g/day</strong> of the raw or processed root. Evidence for benefits is primarily preclinical (antioxidant, neuroprotective, metabolic modulation, hair/follicle support). Importantly, He Shou Wu has been associated with rare but serious herb-induced liver injury (HILI); avoid in active liver disease and monitor LFTs when used long-term. This comprehensive, science‑oriented guide summarizes identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, clinical claims, dosing guidance, interactions, safety, quality criteria, and practical advice for US consumers and clinicians.

Rehmannia-Wurzelextrakt

Rehmannia glutinosa

Rehmannia root extract (Rehmannia glutinosa; Di Huang) is a traditional Chinese medicinal botanical used for over 1,500 years as a kidney- and blood-nourishing herb. Modern phytochemistry identifies iridoid glycosides (notably catalpol), phenylethanoid glycosides (acteoside), and heterogeneous polysaccharide fractions as principal bioactive constituents. Preclinical research (in vitro and animal models) supports antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, nephroprotective, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and antidiabetic actions attributable to these constituents, but high-quality randomized controlled trials in humans are scarce. Typical modern supplement doses range from 200 to 600 mg/day for standardized aqueous extracts (or 6 to 30 g/day of dried root in traditional decoctions). Safety signals are generally mild and gastrointestinal; key precautions include potential interaction risks with anticoagulants, antidiabetics and immunosuppressants and avoidance in pregnancy/breastfeeding without medical supervision. This premium article provides an exhaustive, science-oriented, clinically practical encyclopedia-level review with formulation guidance, mechanisms, dosing frameworks, and quality selection for the US market.

Weidenrinden-Extrakt

Salix alba

White willow bark extract (Salix alba bark extract) is a standardized botanical dietary supplement containing salicin and multiple salicylate glycosides plus polyphenolic co‑constituents. Used for centuries as an analgesic, antipyretic and anti‑inflammatory remedy, modern standardized extracts typically deliver the equivalent of <strong>120–240 mg salicin daily</strong> and act after enzymatic conversion to salicylic acid. Clinical trials and herbal monographs (EMA, NCCIH summaries) indicate modest, evidence‑based benefit for mild‑to‑moderate musculoskeletal pain and osteoarthritis when used in standardized form; safety considerations mirror salicylate exposure (bleeding, GI irritation, contraindicated in children with viral illness and in certain drug combinations). This article is a premium, encyclopedic, clinically oriented guide for US clinicians, researchers and informed consumers explaining chemistry, PK/PD, evidence, dosing, interactions and quality criteria.

Yohimbe-Rindenextrakt

Pausinystalia yohimbe

Yohimbe bark extract is a traditional West/Central African botanical whose principal studied alkaloid, yohimbine, is an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist used historically for male sexual dysfunction, targeted lipolysis, and experimental provocation of panic. Commercial products vary widely: standardized pharmaceutical yohimbine hydrochloride provides the most predictable pharmacokinetics (typical oral Tmax ~0.5–2 hours, t1/2 ~1–3 hours, oral bioavailability ~30–70%). Safety concerns include dose-related sympathetic stimulation (tachycardia, hypertension), psychiatric effects (anxiety, agitation), and serious toxicity when combined with MAOIs or stimulants. In the U.S. yohimbe bark extract is sold as a dietary supplement under DSHEA; pharmaceutical yohimbine HCl is regulated as a drug in some jurisdictions. This comprehensive article summarizes identification, chemistry, pharmacology, evidence-based benefits, dosing guidance (typical studied yohimbine HCl doses: <strong>5–20 mg/day</strong>), interactions, and quality selection criteria for U.S. consumers and clinicians, emphasizing that crude extracts are variable and that medical supervision is advised for therapeutic dosing.

Safran-Extrakt

Crocus sativus

<p><strong>Saffron extract (from the dried stigmas of Crocus sativus L.) is a concentrated botanical standardized primarily for crocin content; clinical trials commonly use <strong>15–30 mg/day</strong> and report benefits for mild–moderate depression, sexual dysfunction and premenstrual syndrome with good short-term tolerability.</strong></p><p>This premium, evidence-focused guide synthesizes botanical identification, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, clinical indications, up-to-date research summary (2020–2026 window as available in the supplied dataset), dosing guidance for U.S. consumers, safety, drug interactions, product-quality criteria and practical purchase advice for the U.S. market (FDA/NIH context, USD pricing and major U.S. retailers).</p><p>The text is written for clinicians, pharmacists, researchers and educated consumers who want a rigorous, usable reference for dietary-supplement decision-making. It emphasizes quantified dosing, mechanistic detail, and conservative safety recommendations including pregnancy contraindications and interaction cautions with serotonergic and anticoagulant therapies.</p>

Rosmarin-Extrakt

Rosmarinus officinalis

Rosemary extract (from Rosmarinus officinalis) is a concentrated botanical ingredient standardized for polyphenols such as rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid and carnosol and used in dietary supplements as a potent antioxidant and mitochondrial support agent. This evidence-informed guide explains what rosemary extract is, its chemistry, pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, eight+ evidence-supported benefits, up-to-date (to mid‑2024) research trends, safety, drug interactions, optimal dosing and practical product selection for the US market. It clarifies regulatory context (FDA/NIH), provides comparative formulation guidance (standardized powders, liposomal, oil extracts), and includes actionable recommendations for athletes, older adults and general preventive use. Note: this report is produced without live retrieval of PMIDs/DOIs; study citations are referenced as representative (author, year, journal) and should be checked against primary databases for clinical decisions.